//! This module implements match statement exhaustiveness checking and usefulness checking //! for match arms. //! //! It is modeled on the rustc module `librustc_mir_build::hair::pattern::_match`, which //! contains very detailed documentation about the algorithms used here. use std::sync::Arc; use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec}; use crate::{ db::HirDatabase, expr::{Body, Expr, Literal, Pat, PatId}, InferenceResult, }; use hir_def::{adt::VariantData, EnumVariantId, VariantId}; #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)] /// Either a pattern from the source code being analyzed, represented as /// as `PatId`, or a `Wild` pattern which is created as an intermediate /// step in the match checking algorithm and thus is not backed by a /// real `PatId`. /// /// Note that it is totally valid for the `PatId` variant to contain /// a `PatId` which resolves to a `Wild` pattern, if that wild pattern /// exists in the source code being analyzed. enum PatIdOrWild { PatId(PatId), Wild, } impl PatIdOrWild { fn as_pat(self, cx: &MatchCheckCtx) -> Pat { match self { PatIdOrWild::PatId(id) => cx.body.pats[id].clone(), PatIdOrWild::Wild => Pat::Wild, } } fn as_id(self) -> Option { match self { PatIdOrWild::PatId(id) => Some(id), PatIdOrWild::Wild => None, } } } impl From for PatIdOrWild { fn from(pat_id: PatId) -> Self { Self::PatId(pat_id) } } #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)] pub struct MatchCheckNotImplemented; /// The return type of `is_useful` is either an indication of usefulness /// of the match arm, or an error in the case the match statement /// is made up of types for which exhaustiveness checking is currently /// not completely implemented. /// /// The `std::result::Result` type is used here rather than a custom enum /// to allow the use of `?`. pub type MatchCheckResult = Result; #[derive(Debug)] /// A row in a Matrix. /// /// This type is modeled from the struct of the same name in `rustc`. pub(crate) struct PatStack(PatStackInner); type PatStackInner = SmallVec<[PatIdOrWild; 2]>; impl PatStack { pub(crate) fn from_pattern(pat_id: PatId) -> PatStack { Self(smallvec!(pat_id.into())) } pub(crate) fn from_wild() -> PatStack { Self(smallvec!(PatIdOrWild::Wild)) } fn from_slice(slice: &[PatIdOrWild]) -> PatStack { Self(SmallVec::from_slice(slice)) } fn from_vec(v: PatStackInner) -> PatStack { Self(v) } fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.0.is_empty() } fn head(&self) -> PatIdOrWild { self.0[0] } fn get_head(&self) -> Option { self.0.first().copied() } fn to_tail(&self) -> PatStack { Self::from_slice(&self.0[1..]) } fn replace_head_with(&self, pat_ids: &[PatId]) -> PatStack { let mut patterns: PatStackInner = smallvec![]; for pat in pat_ids { patterns.push((*pat).into()); } for pat in &self.0[1..] { patterns.push(*pat); } PatStack::from_vec(patterns) } /// Computes `D(self)`. /// /// See the module docs and the associated documentation in rustc for details. fn specialize_wildcard(&self, cx: &MatchCheckCtx) -> Option { if matches!(self.head().as_pat(cx), Pat::Wild) { Some(self.to_tail()) } else { None } } /// Computes `S(constructor, self)`. /// /// See the module docs and the associated documentation in rustc for details. fn specialize_constructor( &self, cx: &MatchCheckCtx, constructor: &Constructor, ) -> MatchCheckResult> { let result = match (self.head().as_pat(cx), constructor) { (Pat::Tuple(ref pat_ids), Constructor::Tuple { arity }) => { if pat_ids.len() != *arity { None } else { Some(self.replace_head_with(pat_ids)) } } (Pat::Lit(_), Constructor::Bool(_)) => { // for now we only support bool literals Some(self.to_tail()) } (Pat::Wild, constructor) => Some(self.expand_wildcard(cx, constructor)?), (Pat::Path(_), Constructor::Enum(constructor)) => { // enums with no associated data become `Pat::Path` let pat_id = self.head().as_id().expect("we know this isn't a wild"); if !enum_variant_matches(cx, pat_id, *constructor) { None } else { Some(self.to_tail()) } } (Pat::TupleStruct { args: ref pat_ids, .. }, Constructor::Enum(constructor)) => { let pat_id = self.head().as_id().expect("we know this isn't a wild"); if !enum_variant_matches(cx, pat_id, *constructor) { None } else { Some(self.replace_head_with(pat_ids)) } } (Pat::Or(_), _) => unreachable!("we desugar or patterns so this should never happen"), (_, _) => return Err(MatchCheckNotImplemented), }; Ok(result) } /// A special case of `specialize_constructor` where the head of the pattern stack /// is a Wild pattern. /// /// Replaces the Wild pattern at the head of the pattern stack with N Wild patterns /// (N >= 0), where N is the arity of the given constructor. fn expand_wildcard( &self, cx: &MatchCheckCtx, constructor: &Constructor, ) -> MatchCheckResult { assert_eq!( Pat::Wild, self.head().as_pat(cx), "expand_wildcard must only be called on PatStack with wild at head", ); let mut patterns: PatStackInner = smallvec![]; let arity = match constructor { Constructor::Bool(_) => 0, Constructor::Tuple { arity } => *arity, Constructor::Enum(e) => { match cx.db.enum_data(e.parent).variants[e.local_id].variant_data.as_ref() { VariantData::Tuple(struct_field_data) => struct_field_data.len(), VariantData::Unit => 0, _ => return Err(MatchCheckNotImplemented), } } }; for _ in 0..arity { patterns.push(PatIdOrWild::Wild); } for pat in &self.0[1..] { patterns.push(*pat); } Ok(PatStack::from_vec(patterns)) } } #[derive(Debug)] /// A collection of PatStack. /// /// This type is modeled from the struct of the same name in `rustc`. pub(crate) struct Matrix(Vec); impl Matrix { pub(crate) fn empty() -> Self { Self(vec![]) } pub(crate) fn push(&mut self, cx: &MatchCheckCtx, row: PatStack) { if let Some(Pat::Or(pat_ids)) = row.get_head().map(|pat_id| pat_id.as_pat(cx)) { // Or patterns are expanded here for pat_id in pat_ids { self.0.push(PatStack::from_pattern(pat_id)); } } else { self.0.push(row); } } fn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.0.is_empty() } fn heads(&self) -> Vec { self.0.iter().map(|p| p.head()).collect() } /// Computes `D(self)` for each contained PatStack. /// /// See the module docs and the associated documentation in rustc for details. fn specialize_wildcard(&self, cx: &MatchCheckCtx) -> Self { Self::collect(cx, self.0.iter().filter_map(|r| r.specialize_wildcard(cx))) } /// Computes `S(constructor, self)` for each contained PatStack. /// /// See the module docs and the associated documentation in rustc for details. fn specialize_constructor( &self, cx: &MatchCheckCtx, constructor: &Constructor, ) -> MatchCheckResult { let mut new_matrix = Matrix::empty(); for pat in &self.0 { if let Some(pat) = pat.specialize_constructor(cx, constructor)? { new_matrix.push(cx, pat); } } Ok(new_matrix) } fn collect>(cx: &MatchCheckCtx, iter: T) -> Self { let mut matrix = Matrix::empty(); for pat in iter { // using push ensures we expand or-patterns matrix.push(cx, pat); } matrix } } #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)] /// An indication of the usefulness of a given match arm, where /// usefulness is defined as matching some patterns which were /// not matched by an prior match arms. /// /// We may eventually need an `Unknown` variant here. pub enum Usefulness { Useful, NotUseful, } pub struct MatchCheckCtx<'a> { pub body: Arc, pub infer: Arc, pub db: &'a dyn HirDatabase, } /// Given a set of patterns `matrix`, and pattern to consider `v`, determines /// whether `v` is useful. A pattern is useful if it covers cases which were /// not previously covered. /// /// When calling this function externally (that is, not the recursive calls) it /// expected that you have already type checked the match arms. All patterns in /// matrix should be the same type as v, as well as they should all be the same /// type as the match expression. pub(crate) fn is_useful( cx: &MatchCheckCtx, matrix: &Matrix, v: &PatStack, ) -> MatchCheckResult { if v.is_empty() { let result = if matrix.is_empty() { Usefulness::Useful } else { Usefulness::NotUseful }; return Ok(result); } if let Pat::Or(pat_ids) = v.head().as_pat(cx) { let mut found_unimplemented = false; let any_useful = pat_ids.iter().any(|&pat_id| { let v = PatStack::from_pattern(pat_id); match is_useful(cx, matrix, &v) { Ok(Usefulness::Useful) => true, Ok(Usefulness::NotUseful) => false, _ => { found_unimplemented = true; false } } }); return if any_useful { Ok(Usefulness::Useful) } else if found_unimplemented { Err(MatchCheckNotImplemented) } else { Ok(Usefulness::NotUseful) }; } if let Some(constructor) = pat_constructor(cx, v.head())? { let matrix = matrix.specialize_constructor(&cx, &constructor)?; let v = v .specialize_constructor(&cx, &constructor)? .expect("we know this can't fail because we get the constructor from `v.head()` above"); is_useful(&cx, &matrix, &v) } else { // expanding wildcard let mut used_constructors: Vec = vec![]; for pat in matrix.heads() { if let Some(constructor) = pat_constructor(cx, pat)? { used_constructors.push(constructor); } } // We assume here that the first constructor is the "correct" type. Since we // only care about the "type" of the constructor (i.e. if it is a bool we // don't care about the value), this assumption should be valid as long as // the match statement is well formed. We currently uphold this invariant by // filtering match arms before calling `is_useful`, only passing in match arms // whose type matches the type of the match expression. match &used_constructors.first() { Some(constructor) if all_constructors_covered(&cx, constructor, &used_constructors) => { // If all constructors are covered, then we need to consider whether // any values are covered by this wildcard. // // For example, with matrix '[[Some(true)], [None]]', all // constructors are covered (`Some`/`None`), so we need // to perform specialization to see that our wildcard will cover // the `Some(false)` case. let mut constructor = None; for pat in matrix.heads() { if let Some(c) = pat_constructor(cx, pat)? { constructor = Some(c); break; } } if let Some(constructor) = constructor { if let Constructor::Enum(e) = constructor { // For enums we handle each variant as a distinct constructor, so // here we create a constructor for each variant and then check // usefulness after specializing for that constructor. let mut found_unimplemented = false; for constructor in cx.db.enum_data(e.parent).variants.iter().map(|(local_id, _)| { Constructor::Enum(EnumVariantId { parent: e.parent, local_id }) }) { let matrix = matrix.specialize_constructor(&cx, &constructor)?; let v = v.expand_wildcard(&cx, &constructor)?; match is_useful(&cx, &matrix, &v) { Ok(Usefulness::Useful) => return Ok(Usefulness::Useful), Ok(Usefulness::NotUseful) => continue, _ => found_unimplemented = true, }; } if found_unimplemented { Err(MatchCheckNotImplemented) } else { Ok(Usefulness::NotUseful) } } else { let matrix = matrix.specialize_constructor(&cx, &constructor)?; let v = v.expand_wildcard(&cx, &constructor)?; is_useful(&cx, &matrix, &v) } } else { Ok(Usefulness::NotUseful) } } _ => { // Either not all constructors are covered, or the only other arms // are wildcards. Either way, this pattern is useful if it is useful // when compared to those arms with wildcards. let matrix = matrix.specialize_wildcard(&cx); let v = v.to_tail(); is_useful(&cx, &matrix, &v) } } } } #[derive(Debug)] /// Similar to TypeCtor, but includes additional information about the specific /// value being instantiated. For example, TypeCtor::Bool doesn't contain the /// boolean value. enum Constructor { Bool(bool), Tuple { arity: usize }, Enum(EnumVariantId), } /// Returns the constructor for the given pattern. Should only return None /// in the case of a Wild pattern. fn pat_constructor(cx: &MatchCheckCtx, pat: PatIdOrWild) -> MatchCheckResult> { let res = match pat.as_pat(cx) { Pat::Wild => None, Pat::Tuple(pats) => Some(Constructor::Tuple { arity: pats.len() }), Pat::Lit(lit_expr) => match cx.body.exprs[lit_expr] { Expr::Literal(Literal::Bool(val)) => Some(Constructor::Bool(val)), _ => return Err(MatchCheckNotImplemented), }, Pat::TupleStruct { .. } | Pat::Path(_) => { let pat_id = pat.as_id().expect("we already know this pattern is not a wild"); let variant_id = cx.infer.variant_resolution_for_pat(pat_id).ok_or(MatchCheckNotImplemented)?; match variant_id { VariantId::EnumVariantId(enum_variant_id) => { Some(Constructor::Enum(enum_variant_id)) } _ => return Err(MatchCheckNotImplemented), } } _ => return Err(MatchCheckNotImplemented), }; Ok(res) } fn all_constructors_covered( cx: &MatchCheckCtx, constructor: &Constructor, used_constructors: &[Constructor], ) -> bool { match constructor { Constructor::Tuple { arity } => { used_constructors.iter().any(|constructor| match constructor { Constructor::Tuple { arity: used_arity } => arity == used_arity, _ => false, }) } Constructor::Bool(_) => { if used_constructors.is_empty() { return false; } let covers_true = used_constructors.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, Constructor::Bool(true))); let covers_false = used_constructors.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, Constructor::Bool(false))); covers_true && covers_false } Constructor::Enum(e) => cx.db.enum_data(e.parent).variants.iter().all(|(id, _)| { for constructor in used_constructors { if let Constructor::Enum(e) = constructor { if id == e.local_id { return true; } } } false }), } } fn enum_variant_matches(cx: &MatchCheckCtx, pat_id: PatId, enum_variant_id: EnumVariantId) -> bool { if let Some(VariantId::EnumVariantId(pat_variant_id)) = cx.infer.variant_resolution_for_pat(pat_id) { if pat_variant_id.local_id == enum_variant_id.local_id { return true; } } false } #[cfg(test)] mod tests { pub(super) use insta::assert_snapshot; pub(super) use ra_db::fixture::WithFixture; pub(super) use crate::test_db::TestDB; pub(super) fn check_diagnostic_message(content: &str) -> String { TestDB::with_single_file(content).0.diagnostics().0 } pub(super) fn check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content: &str) { let diagnostic_count = TestDB::with_single_file(content).0.diagnostics().1; assert_eq!(1, diagnostic_count, "no diagnotic reported"); } pub(super) fn check_no_diagnostic(content: &str) { let diagnostic_count = TestDB::with_single_file(content).0.diagnostics().1; assert_eq!(0, diagnostic_count, "expected no diagnostic, found one"); } #[test] fn empty_tuple_no_arms_diagnostic_message() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match () { } } "; assert_snapshot!( check_diagnostic_message(content), @"\"{\\n }\": Missing match arm\n" ); } #[test] fn empty_tuple_no_arms() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match () { } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn empty_tuple_wild() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match () { _ => {} } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn empty_tuple_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match () { () => {} } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_empty_tuple_no_arms() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (()) { } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_empty_tuple_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (()) { (()) => {} } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_two_empty_tuple_no_arms() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match ((), ()) { } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_two_empty_tuple_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match ((), ()) { ((), ()) => {} } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn bool_no_arms() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match false { } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn bool_missing_arm() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match false { true => {} } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn bool_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match false { true => {} false => {} } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_bools_no_arms() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (false, true) { } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_bools_missing_arms() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (false, true) { (true, true) => {}, } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_bools_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (false, true) { (true, true) => {}, (true, false) => {}, (false, true) => {}, (false, false) => {}, } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_bools_binding_missing_arms() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (false, true) { (true, _x) => {}, } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_bools_binding_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (false, true) { (true, _x) => {}, (false, true) => {}, (false, false) => {}, } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_tuple_and_bools_no_arms() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (false, ((), false)) { } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_tuple_and_bools_missing_arms() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (false, ((), false)) { (true, ((), true)) => {}, } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_tuple_and_bools_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (false, ((), false)) { (true, ((), true)) => {}, (true, ((), false)) => {}, (false, ((), true)) => {}, (false, ((), false)) => {}, } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_tuple_and_bools_wildcard_missing_arms() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (false, ((), false)) { (true, _) => {}, } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_tuple_and_bools_wildcard_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (false, ((), false)) { (true, ((), true)) => {}, (true, ((), false)) => {}, (false, _) => {}, } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn enum_no_arms() { let content = r" enum Either { A, B, } fn test_fn() { match Either::A { } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn enum_missing_arms() { let content = r" enum Either { A, B, } fn test_fn() { match Either::B { Either::A => {}, } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn enum_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" enum Either { A, B, } fn test_fn() { match Either::B { Either::A => {}, Either::B => {}, } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn enum_containing_bool_no_arms() { let content = r" enum Either { A(bool), B, } fn test_fn() { match Either::B { } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn enum_containing_bool_missing_arms() { let content = r" enum Either { A(bool), B, } fn test_fn() { match Either::B { Either::A(true) => (), Either::B => (), } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn enum_containing_bool_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" enum Either { A(bool), B, } fn test_fn() { match Either::B { Either::A(true) => (), Either::A(false) => (), Either::B => (), } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn enum_containing_bool_with_wild_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" enum Either { A(bool), B, } fn test_fn() { match Either::B { Either::B => (), _ => (), } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn enum_containing_bool_with_wild_2_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" enum Either { A(bool), B, } fn test_fn() { match Either::B { Either::A(_) => (), Either::B => (), } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn enum_different_sizes_missing_arms() { let content = r" enum Either { A(bool), B(bool, bool), } fn test_fn() { match Either::A(false) { Either::A(_) => (), Either::B(false, _) => (), } } "; check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn enum_different_sizes_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" enum Either { A(bool), B(bool, bool), } fn test_fn() { match Either::A(false) { Either::A(_) => (), Either::B(true, _) => (), Either::B(false, _) => (), } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn or_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" enum Either { A(bool), B(bool, bool), } fn test_fn() { match Either::A(false) { Either::A(true) | Either::A(false) => (), Either::B(true, _) => (), Either::B(false, _) => (), } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn tuple_of_enum_no_diagnostic() { let content = r" enum Either { A(bool), B(bool, bool), } enum Either2 { C, D, } fn test_fn() { match (Either::A(false), Either2::C) { (Either::A(true), _) | (Either::A(false), _) => (), (Either::B(true, _), Either2::C) => (), (Either::B(false, _), Either2::C) => (), (Either::B(_, _), Either2::D) => (), } } "; check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn mismatched_types() { let content = r" enum Either { A, B, } enum Either2 { C, D, } fn test_fn() { match Either::A { Either2::C => (), Either2::D => (), } } "; // Match arms with the incorrect type are filtered out. check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } #[test] fn mismatched_types_with_different_arity() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match (true, false) { (true, false, true) => (), (true) => (), } } "; // Match arms with the incorrect type are filtered out. check_diagnostic_with_no_fix(content); } } #[cfg(test)] mod false_negatives { //! The implementation of match checking here is a work in progress. As we roll this out, we //! prefer false negatives to false positives (ideally there would be no false positives). This //! test module should document known false negatives. Eventually we will have a complete //! implementation of match checking and this module will be empty. //! //! The reasons for documenting known false negatives: //! //! 1. It acts as a backlog of work that can be done to improve the behavior of the system. //! 2. It ensures the code doesn't panic when handling these cases. use super::tests::*; #[test] fn integers() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match 5 { 10 => (), 11..20 => (), } } "; // This is a false negative. // We don't currently check integer exhaustiveness. check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn enum_record() { let content = r" enum Either { A { foo: u32 }, B, } fn test_fn() { match Either::B { Either::A { foo: 5 } => (), } } "; // This is a false negative. // We don't currently handle enum record types. check_no_diagnostic(content); } #[test] fn enum_not_in_scope() { let content = r" fn test_fn() { match Foo::Bar { Foo::Baz => (), } } "; // This is a false negative. // The enum is not in scope so we don't perform exhaustiveness checking. check_no_diagnostic(content); } }