<style> body { margin: 0; } pre { color: #DCDCCC; background: #3F3F3F; font-size: 22px; padding: 0.4em; } .lifetime { color: #DFAF8F; font-style: italic; } .comment { color: #7F9F7F; } .struct, .enum { color: #7CB8BB; } .enum_variant { color: #BDE0F3; } .string_literal { color: #CC9393; } .field { color: #94BFF3; } .function { color: #93E0E3; } .parameter { color: #94BFF3; } .text { color: #DCDCCC; } .type { color: #7CB8BB; } .builtin_type { color: #8CD0D3; } .type_param { color: #DFAF8F; } .attribute { color: #94BFF3; } .numeric_literal { color: #BFEBBF; } .macro { color: #94BFF3; } .module { color: #AFD8AF; } .variable { color: #DCDCCC; } .mutable { text-decoration: underline; } .keyword { color: #F0DFAF; font-weight: bold; } .keyword.unsafe { color: #BC8383; font-weight: bold; } .control { font-style: italic; } </style> <pre><code><span class="macro">macro_rules!</span> println { ($($arg:tt)*) => ({ $<span class="keyword">crate</span>::io::_print($<span class="keyword">crate</span>::format_args_nl!($($arg)*)); }) } #[rustc_builtin_macro] <span class="macro">macro_rules!</span> format_args_nl { ($fmt:expr) => {{ <span class="comment">/* compiler built-in */</span> }}; ($fmt:expr, $($args:tt)*) => {{ <span class="comment">/* compiler built-in */</span> }}; } <span class="keyword">fn</span> <span class="function declaration">main</span>() { <span class="comment">// from https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello"</span>); <span class="comment">// => "Hello"</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello, </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"world"</span>); <span class="comment">// => "Hello, world!"</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"The number is </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">1</span>); <span class="comment">// => "The number is 1"</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">?</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, (<span class="numeric_literal">3</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">4</span>)); <span class="comment">// => "(3, 4)"</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">value</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, value=<span class="numeric_literal">4</span>); <span class="comment">// => "4"</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">1</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">2</span>); <span class="comment">// => "1 2"</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="numeric_literal">0</span><span class="numeric_literal">4</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">42</span>); <span class="comment">// => "0042" with leading zerosV</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="numeric_literal">1</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="numeric_literal">0</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">1</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">2</span>); <span class="comment">// => "2 1 1 2"</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">argument</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, argument = <span class="string_literal">"test"</span>); <span class="comment">// => "test"</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">name</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">1</span>, name = <span class="numeric_literal">2</span>); <span class="comment">// => "2 1"</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">a</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">c</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">b</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, a=<span class="string_literal">"a"</span>, b=<span class="char_literal">'b'</span>, c=<span class="numeric_literal">3</span>); <span class="comment">// => "a 3 b"</span> <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="numeric_literal">5</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="numeric_literal">1</span><span class="attribute">$</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">5</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="numeric_literal">1</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="numeric_literal">0</span><span class="attribute">$</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">5</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="variable">width</span><span class="attribute">$</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>, width = <span class="numeric_literal">5</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute"><</span><span class="numeric_literal">5</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">-</span><span class="attribute"><</span><span class="numeric_literal">5</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">^</span><span class="numeric_literal">5</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">></span><span class="numeric_literal">5</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">+</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">5</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">#</span><span class="variable">x</span><span class="string_literal">}!"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">27</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="numeric_literal">0</span><span class="numeric_literal">5</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">5</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="numeric_literal">0</span><span class="numeric_literal">5</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, -<span class="numeric_literal">5</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">#</span><span class="numeric_literal">0</span><span class="numeric_literal">10</span><span class="variable">x</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">27</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="numeric_literal">0</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> is </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="numeric_literal">1</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">.</span><span class="numeric_literal">5</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">0.01</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="numeric_literal">1</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> is </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="numeric_literal">2</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">.</span><span class="numeric_literal">0</span><span class="attribute">$</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">5</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">0.01</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="numeric_literal">0</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> is </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="numeric_literal">2</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">.</span><span class="numeric_literal">1</span><span class="attribute">$</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">5</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">0.01</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> is </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">.</span><span class="attribute">*</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">5</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">0.01</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> is </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="numeric_literal">2</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">.</span><span class="attribute">*</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">5</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">0.01</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal"> is </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">number</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">.</span><span class="variable">prec</span><span class="attribute">$</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"x"</span>, prec = <span class="numeric_literal">5</span>, number = <span class="numeric_literal">0.01</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">, `</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">name</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">.</span><span class="attribute">*</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">` has 3 fractional digits"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"Hello"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">3</span>, name=<span class="numeric_literal">1234.56</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">, `</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">name</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">.</span><span class="attribute">*</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">` has 3 characters"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"Hello"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">3</span>, name=<span class="string_literal">"1234.56"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">, `</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">name</span><span class="attribute">:</span><span class="attribute">></span><span class="numeric_literal">8</span><span class="attribute">.</span><span class="attribute">*</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">` has 3 right-aligned characters"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"Hello"</span>, <span class="numeric_literal">3</span>, name=<span class="string_literal">"1234.56"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"Hello {{}}"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"{{ Hello"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">r"Hello, </span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">!"</span>, <span class="string_literal">"world"</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">\x41</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, A = <span class="numeric_literal">92</span>); <span class="macro">println!</span>(<span class="string_literal">"</span><span class="attribute">{</span><span class="variable">ничоси</span><span class="attribute">}</span><span class="string_literal">"</span>, ничоси = <span class="numeric_literal">92</span>); }</code></pre>