5 files changed, 254 insertions, 195 deletions

diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs
index 7e8846f27..36670043a 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 use chalk_ir::{Mutability, TyVariableKind};
 use hir_def::lang_item::LangItemTarget;
 
-use crate::{autoderef, traits::Solution, Obligation, Substs, TraitRef, Ty};
+use crate::{autoderef, traits::Solution, Interner, Obligation, Substs, TraitRef, Ty, TyKind};
 
 use super::{InEnvironment, InferenceContext};
 
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         } else if self.coerce(ty2, ty1) {
             ty1.clone()
         } else {
-            if let (Ty::FnDef(..), Ty::FnDef(..)) = (ty1, ty2) {
+            if let (TyKind::FnDef(..), TyKind::FnDef(..)) =
+                (ty1.interned(&Interner), ty2.interned(&Interner))
+            {
                 cov_mark::hit!(coerce_fn_reification);
                 // Special case: two function types. Try to coerce both to
                 // pointers to have a chance at getting a match. See
@@ -51,13 +53,13 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     }
 
     fn coerce_inner(&mut self, mut from_ty: Ty, to_ty: &Ty) -> bool {
-        match (&from_ty, to_ty) {
+        match (from_ty.interned(&Interner), to_ty.interned(&Interner)) {
             // Never type will make type variable to fallback to Never Type instead of Unknown.
-            (Ty::Never, Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General)) => {
+            (TyKind::Never, TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General)) => {
                 self.table.type_variable_table.set_diverging(*tv, true);
                 return true;
             }
-            (Ty::Never, _) => return true,
+            (TyKind::Never, _) => return true,
 
             // Trivial cases, this should go after `never` check to
             // avoid infer result type to be never
@@ -69,33 +71,33 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         }
 
         // Pointer weakening and function to pointer
-        match (&mut from_ty, to_ty) {
+        match (&mut from_ty.0, to_ty.interned(&Interner)) {
             // `*mut T` -> `*const T`
             // `&mut T` -> `&T`
-            (Ty::Raw(m1, ..), Ty::Raw(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..))
-            | (Ty::Ref(m1, ..), Ty::Ref(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..)) => {
+            (TyKind::Raw(m1, ..), TyKind::Raw(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..))
+            | (TyKind::Ref(m1, ..), TyKind::Ref(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..)) => {
                 *m1 = *m2;
             }
             // `&T` -> `*const T`
             // `&mut T` -> `*mut T`/`*const T`
-            (Ty::Ref(.., substs), &Ty::Raw(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..))
-            | (Ty::Ref(Mutability::Mut, substs), &Ty::Raw(m2, ..)) => {
-                from_ty = Ty::Raw(m2, substs.clone());
+            (TyKind::Ref(.., substs), &TyKind::Raw(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..))
+            | (TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut, substs), &TyKind::Raw(m2, ..)) => {
+                from_ty = TyKind::Raw(m2, substs.clone()).intern(&Interner);
             }
 
             // Illegal mutability conversion
-            (Ty::Raw(Mutability::Not, ..), Ty::Raw(Mutability::Mut, ..))
-            | (Ty::Ref(Mutability::Not, ..), Ty::Ref(Mutability::Mut, ..)) => return false,
+            (TyKind::Raw(Mutability::Not, ..), TyKind::Raw(Mutability::Mut, ..))
+            | (TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, ..), TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut, ..)) => return false,
 
             // `{function_type}` -> `fn()`
-            (Ty::FnDef(..), Ty::Function { .. }) => match from_ty.callable_sig(self.db) {
+            (TyKind::FnDef(..), TyKind::Function { .. }) => match from_ty.callable_sig(self.db) {
                 None => return false,
                 Some(sig) => {
                     from_ty = Ty::fn_ptr(sig);
                 }
             },
 
-            (Ty::Closure(.., substs), Ty::Function { .. }) => {
+            (TyKind::Closure(.., substs), TyKind::Function { .. }) => {
                 from_ty = substs[0].clone();
             }
 
@@ -107,9 +109,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         }
 
         // Auto Deref if cannot coerce
-        match (&from_ty, to_ty) {
+        match (from_ty.interned(&Interner), to_ty.interned(&Interner)) {
             // FIXME: DerefMut
-            (Ty::Ref(_, st1), Ty::Ref(_, st2)) => self.unify_autoderef_behind_ref(&st1[0], &st2[0]),
+            (TyKind::Ref(_, st1), TyKind::Ref(_, st2)) => {
+                self.unify_autoderef_behind_ref(&st1[0], &st2[0])
+            }
 
             // Otherwise, normal unify
             _ => self.unify(&from_ty, to_ty),
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs
index 262177ffb..eee3e6ec5 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@ use crate::{
     lower::lower_to_chalk_mutability,
     method_resolution, op,
     primitive::{self, UintTy},
-    traits::{FnTrait, InEnvironment},
+    to_assoc_type_id,
+    traits::{chalk::from_chalk, FnTrait, InEnvironment},
     utils::{generics, variant_data, Generics},
-    AdtId, Binders, CallableDefId, FnPointer, FnSig, Obligation, OpaqueTyId, Rawness, Scalar,
-    Substs, TraitRef, Ty,
+    AdtId, Binders, CallableDefId, FnPointer, FnSig, Interner, Obligation, Rawness, Scalar, Substs,
+    TraitRef, Ty, TyKind,
 };
 
 use super::{
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             // Return actual type when type mismatch.
             // This is needed for diagnostic when return type mismatch.
             ty
-        } else if expected.coercion_target() == &Ty::Unknown {
+        } else if expected.coercion_target().is_unknown() {
             ty
         } else {
             expected.ty.clone()
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             arg_tys.push(arg);
         }
         let parameters = param_builder.build();
-        let arg_ty = Ty::Tuple(num_args, parameters);
+        let arg_ty = TyKind::Tuple(num_args, parameters).intern(&Interner);
         let substs =
             Substs::build_for_generics(&generic_params).push(ty.clone()).push(arg_ty).build();
 
@@ -97,8 +98,10 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         });
         if self.db.trait_solve(krate, goal.value).is_some() {
             self.obligations.push(implements_fn_trait);
-            let output_proj_ty =
-                crate::ProjectionTy { associated_ty: output_assoc_type, parameters: substs };
+            let output_proj_ty = crate::ProjectionTy {
+                associated_ty: to_assoc_type_id(output_assoc_type),
+                parameters: substs,
+            };
             let return_ty = self.normalize_projection_ty(output_proj_ty);
             Some((arg_tys, return_ty))
         } else {
@@ -116,10 +119,13 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     fn infer_expr_inner(&mut self, tgt_expr: ExprId, expected: &Expectation) -> Ty {
         let body = Arc::clone(&self.body); // avoid borrow checker problem
         let ty = match &body[tgt_expr] {
-            Expr::Missing => Ty::Unknown,
+            Expr::Missing => self.err_ty(),
             Expr::If { condition, then_branch, else_branch } => {
                 // if let is desugared to match, so this is always simple if
-                self.infer_expr(*condition, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)));
+                self.infer_expr(
+                    *condition,
+                    &Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner)),
+                );
 
                 let condition_diverges = mem::replace(&mut self.diverges, Diverges::Maybe);
                 let mut both_arms_diverge = Diverges::Always;
@@ -167,14 +173,15 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             Expr::TryBlock { body } => {
                 let _inner = self.infer_expr(*body, expected);
                 // FIXME should be std::result::Result<{inner}, _>
-                Ty::Unknown
+                self.err_ty()
             }
             Expr::Async { body } => {
                 // Use the first type parameter as the output type of future.
                 // existenail type AsyncBlockImplTrait<InnerType>: Future<Output = InnerType>
                 let inner_ty = self.infer_expr(*body, &Expectation::none());
-                let opaque_ty_id = OpaqueTyId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(self.owner, *body);
-                Ty::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, Substs::single(inner_ty))
+                let impl_trait_id = crate::ImplTraitId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(self.owner, *body);
+                let opaque_ty_id = self.db.intern_impl_trait_id(impl_trait_id).into();
+                TyKind::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, Substs::single(inner_ty)).intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Loop { body, label } => {
                 self.breakables.push(BreakableContext {
@@ -192,17 +199,20 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 if ctxt.may_break {
                     ctxt.break_ty
                 } else {
-                    Ty::Never
+                    TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
                 }
             }
             Expr::While { condition, body, label } => {
                 self.breakables.push(BreakableContext {
                     may_break: false,
-                    break_ty: Ty::Unknown,
+                    break_ty: self.err_ty(),
                     label: label.map(|label| self.body[label].name.clone()),
                 });
                 // while let is desugared to a match loop, so this is always simple while
-                self.infer_expr(*condition, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)));
+                self.infer_expr(
+                    *condition,
+                    &Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner)),
+                );
                 self.infer_expr(*body, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::unit()));
                 let _ctxt = self.breakables.pop().expect("breakable stack broken");
                 // the body may not run, so it diverging doesn't mean we diverge
@@ -214,7 +224,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
                 self.breakables.push(BreakableContext {
                     may_break: false,
-                    break_ty: Ty::Unknown,
+                    break_ty: self.err_ty(),
                     label: label.map(|label| self.body[label].name.clone()),
                 });
                 let pat_ty =
@@ -249,12 +259,15 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     None => self.table.new_type_var(),
                 };
                 sig_tys.push(ret_ty.clone());
-                let sig_ty = Ty::Function(FnPointer {
+                let sig_ty = TyKind::Function(FnPointer {
                     num_args: sig_tys.len() - 1,
                     sig: FnSig { variadic: false },
                     substs: Substs(sig_tys.clone().into()),
-                });
-                let closure_ty = Ty::Closure(self.owner, tgt_expr, Substs::single(sig_ty));
+                })
+                .intern(&Interner);
+                let closure_id = self.db.intern_closure((self.owner, tgt_expr)).into();
+                let closure_ty =
+                    TyKind::Closure(closure_id, Substs::single(sig_ty)).intern(&Interner);
 
                 // Eagerly try to relate the closure type with the expected
                 // type, otherwise we often won't have enough information to
@@ -295,7 +308,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                             args.len(),
                         )
                     })
-                    .unwrap_or((Vec::new(), Ty::Unknown));
+                    .unwrap_or((Vec::new(), self.err_ty()));
                 self.register_obligations_for_call(&callee_ty);
                 self.check_call_arguments(args, &param_tys);
                 self.normalize_associated_types_in(ret_ty)
@@ -305,8 +318,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             Expr::Match { expr, arms } => {
                 let input_ty = self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
 
-                let mut result_ty =
-                    if arms.is_empty() { Ty::Never } else { self.table.new_type_var() };
+                let mut result_ty = if arms.is_empty() {
+                    TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
+                } else {
+                    self.table.new_type_var()
+                };
 
                 let matchee_diverges = self.diverges;
                 let mut all_arms_diverge = Diverges::Always;
@@ -317,7 +333,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     if let Some(guard_expr) = arm.guard {
                         self.infer_expr(
                             guard_expr,
-                            &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)),
+                            &Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner)),
                         );
                     }
 
@@ -333,9 +349,9 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             Expr::Path(p) => {
                 // FIXME this could be more efficient...
                 let resolver = resolver_for_expr(self.db.upcast(), self.owner, tgt_expr);
-                self.infer_path(&resolver, p, tgt_expr.into()).unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown)
+                self.infer_path(&resolver, p, tgt_expr.into()).unwrap_or(self.err_ty())
             }
-            Expr::Continue { .. } => Ty::Never,
+            Expr::Continue { .. } => TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner),
             Expr::Break { expr, label } => {
                 let val_ty = if let Some(expr) = expr {
                     self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none())
@@ -347,7 +363,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     if let Some(ctxt) = find_breakable(&mut self.breakables, label.as_ref()) {
                         ctxt.break_ty.clone()
                     } else {
-                        Ty::Unknown
+                        self.err_ty()
                     };
 
                 let merged_type = self.coerce_merge_branch(&last_ty, &val_ty);
@@ -360,7 +376,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         expr: tgt_expr,
                     });
                 }
-                Ty::Never
+                TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Return { expr } => {
                 if let Some(expr) = expr {
@@ -369,14 +385,14 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     let unit = Ty::unit();
                     self.coerce(&unit, &self.return_ty.clone());
                 }
-                Ty::Never
+                TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Yield { expr } => {
                 // FIXME: track yield type for coercion
                 if let Some(expr) = expr {
                     self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
                 }
-                Ty::Never
+                TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::RecordLit { path, fields, spread } => {
                 let (ty, def_id) = self.resolve_variant(path.as_ref());
@@ -404,8 +420,9 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     if let Some(field_def) = field_def {
                         self.result.record_field_resolutions.insert(field.expr, field_def);
                     }
-                    let field_ty = field_def
-                        .map_or(Ty::Unknown, |it| field_types[it.local_id].clone().subst(&substs));
+                    let field_ty = field_def.map_or(self.err_ty(), |it| {
+                        field_types[it.local_id].clone().subst(&substs)
+                    });
                     self.infer_expr_coerce(field.expr, &Expectation::has_type(field_ty));
                 }
                 if let Some(expr) = spread {
@@ -424,27 +441,33 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         environment: self.trait_env.clone(),
                     },
                 )
-                .find_map(|derefed_ty| match canonicalized.decanonicalize_ty(derefed_ty.value) {
-                    Ty::Tuple(_, substs) => {
-                        name.as_tuple_index().and_then(|idx| substs.0.get(idx).cloned())
-                    }
-                    Ty::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::StructId(s)), parameters) => {
-                        self.db.struct_data(s).variant_data.field(name).map(|local_id| {
-                            let field = FieldId { parent: s.into(), local_id };
-                            self.write_field_resolution(tgt_expr, field);
-                            self.db.field_types(s.into())[field.local_id].clone().subst(&parameters)
-                        })
-                    }
-                    Ty::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::UnionId(u)), parameters) => {
-                        self.db.union_data(u).variant_data.field(name).map(|local_id| {
-                            let field = FieldId { parent: u.into(), local_id };
-                            self.write_field_resolution(tgt_expr, field);
-                            self.db.field_types(u.into())[field.local_id].clone().subst(&parameters)
-                        })
+                .find_map(|derefed_ty| {
+                    match canonicalized.decanonicalize_ty(derefed_ty.value).interned(&Interner) {
+                        TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) => {
+                            name.as_tuple_index().and_then(|idx| substs.0.get(idx).cloned())
+                        }
+                        TyKind::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::StructId(s)), parameters) => {
+                            self.db.struct_data(*s).variant_data.field(name).map(|local_id| {
+                                let field = FieldId { parent: (*s).into(), local_id };
+                                self.write_field_resolution(tgt_expr, field);
+                                self.db.field_types((*s).into())[field.local_id]
+                                    .clone()
+                                    .subst(&parameters)
+                            })
+                        }
+                        TyKind::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::UnionId(u)), parameters) => {
+                            self.db.union_data(*u).variant_data.field(name).map(|local_id| {
+                                let field = FieldId { parent: (*u).into(), local_id };
+                                self.write_field_resolution(tgt_expr, field);
+                                self.db.field_types((*u).into())[field.local_id]
+                                    .clone()
+                                    .subst(&parameters)
+                            })
+                        }
+                        _ => None,
                     }
-                    _ => None,
                 })
-                .unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown);
+                .unwrap_or(self.err_ty());
                 let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty);
                 self.normalize_associated_types_in(ty)
             }
@@ -481,9 +504,10 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 };
                 let inner_ty = self.infer_expr_inner(*expr, &expectation);
                 match rawness {
-                    Rawness::RawPtr => Ty::Raw(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty)),
-                    Rawness::Ref => Ty::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty)),
+                    Rawness::RawPtr => TyKind::Raw(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty)),
+                    Rawness::Ref => TyKind::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty)),
                 }
+                .intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Box { expr } => {
                 let inner_ty = self.infer_expr_inner(*expr, &Expectation::none());
@@ -499,7 +523,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     sb = sb.fill(repeat_with(|| self.table.new_type_var()));
                     Ty::adt_ty(box_, sb.build())
                 } else {
-                    Ty::Unknown
+                    self.err_ty()
                 }
             }
             Expr::UnaryOp { expr, op } => {
@@ -519,31 +543,31 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                                 Some(derefed_ty) => {
                                     canonicalized.decanonicalize_ty(derefed_ty.value)
                                 }
-                                None => Ty::Unknown,
+                                None => self.err_ty(),
                             }
                         }
-                        None => Ty::Unknown,
+                        None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
                     UnaryOp::Neg => {
-                        match &inner_ty {
+                        match inner_ty.interned(&Interner) {
                             // Fast path for builtins
-                            Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_))
-                            | Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_))
-                            | Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_))
-                            | Ty::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer)
-                            | Ty::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Float) => inner_ty,
+                            TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_))
+                            | TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_))
+                            | TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_))
+                            | TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer)
+                            | TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Float) => inner_ty,
                             // Otherwise we resolve via the std::ops::Neg trait
                             _ => self
                                 .resolve_associated_type(inner_ty, self.resolve_ops_neg_output()),
                         }
                     }
                     UnaryOp::Not => {
-                        match &inner_ty {
+                        match inner_ty.interned(&Interner) {
                             // Fast path for builtins
-                            Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)
-                            | Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_))
-                            | Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_))
-                            | Ty::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer) => inner_ty,
+                            TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)
+                            | TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_))
+                            | TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_))
+                            | TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer) => inner_ty,
                             // Otherwise we resolve via the std::ops::Not trait
                             _ => self
                                 .resolve_associated_type(inner_ty, self.resolve_ops_not_output()),
@@ -554,7 +578,9 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             Expr::BinaryOp { lhs, rhs, op } => match op {
                 Some(op) => {
                     let lhs_expectation = match op {
-                        BinaryOp::LogicOp(..) => Expectation::has_type(Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)),
+                        BinaryOp::LogicOp(..) => {
+                            Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner))
+                        }
                         _ => Expectation::none(),
                     };
                     let lhs_ty = self.infer_expr(*lhs, &lhs_expectation);
@@ -563,7 +589,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
                     let ret = op::binary_op_return_ty(*op, lhs_ty.clone(), rhs_ty.clone());
 
-                    if ret == Ty::Unknown {
+                    if ret.is_unknown() {
                         cov_mark::hit!(infer_expr_inner_binary_operator_overload);
 
                         self.resolve_associated_type_with_params(
@@ -575,7 +601,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         ret
                     }
                 }
-                _ => Ty::Unknown,
+                _ => self.err_ty(),
             },
             Expr::Range { lhs, rhs, range_type } => {
                 let lhs_ty = lhs.map(|e| self.infer_expr_inner(e, &Expectation::none()));
@@ -586,33 +612,33 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 match (range_type, lhs_ty, rhs_ty) {
                     (RangeOp::Exclusive, None, None) => match self.resolve_range_full() {
                         Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::empty()),
-                        None => Ty::Unknown,
+                        None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
                     (RangeOp::Exclusive, None, Some(ty)) => match self.resolve_range_to() {
                         Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::single(ty)),
-                        None => Ty::Unknown,
+                        None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
                     (RangeOp::Inclusive, None, Some(ty)) => {
                         match self.resolve_range_to_inclusive() {
                             Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::single(ty)),
-                            None => Ty::Unknown,
+                            None => self.err_ty(),
                         }
                     }
                     (RangeOp::Exclusive, Some(_), Some(ty)) => match self.resolve_range() {
                         Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::single(ty)),
-                        None => Ty::Unknown,
+                        None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
                     (RangeOp::Inclusive, Some(_), Some(ty)) => {
                         match self.resolve_range_inclusive() {
                             Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::single(ty)),
-                            None => Ty::Unknown,
+                            None => self.err_ty(),
                         }
                     }
                     (RangeOp::Exclusive, Some(ty), None) => match self.resolve_range_from() {
                         Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::single(ty)),
-                        None => Ty::Unknown,
+                        None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
-                    (RangeOp::Inclusive, _, None) => Ty::Unknown,
+                    (RangeOp::Inclusive, _, None) => self.err_ty(),
                 }
             }
             Expr::Index { base, index } => {
@@ -631,19 +657,19 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         index_trait,
                     );
                     let self_ty =
-                        self_ty.map_or(Ty::Unknown, |t| canonicalized.decanonicalize_ty(t.value));
+                        self_ty.map_or(self.err_ty(), |t| canonicalized.decanonicalize_ty(t.value));
                     self.resolve_associated_type_with_params(
                         self_ty,
                         self.resolve_ops_index_output(),
                         &[index_ty],
                     )
                 } else {
-                    Ty::Unknown
+                    self.err_ty()
                 }
             }
             Expr::Tuple { exprs } => {
-                let mut tys = match &expected.ty {
-                    Ty::Tuple(_, substs) => substs
+                let mut tys = match expected.ty.interned(&Interner) {
+                    TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) => substs
                         .iter()
                         .cloned()
                         .chain(repeat_with(|| self.table.new_type_var()))
@@ -656,11 +682,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     self.infer_expr_coerce(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(ty.clone()));
                 }
 
-                Ty::Tuple(tys.len(), Substs(tys.into()))
+                TyKind::Tuple(tys.len(), Substs(tys.into())).intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Array(array) => {
-                let elem_ty = match &expected.ty {
-                    Ty::Array(st) | Ty::Slice(st) => st.as_single().clone(),
+                let elem_ty = match expected.ty.interned(&Interner) {
+                    TyKind::Array(st) | TyKind::Slice(st) => st.as_single().clone(),
                     _ => self.table.new_type_var(),
                 };
 
@@ -677,43 +703,51 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         );
                         self.infer_expr(
                             *repeat,
-                            &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::Usize))),
+                            &Expectation::has_type(
+                                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::Usize)).intern(&Interner),
+                            ),
                         );
                     }
                 }
 
-                Ty::Array(Substs::single(elem_ty))
+                TyKind::Array(Substs::single(elem_ty)).intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Literal(lit) => match lit {
-                Literal::Bool(..) => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool),
-                Literal::String(..) => Ty::Ref(Mutability::Not, Substs::single(Ty::Str)),
+                Literal::Bool(..) => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner),
+                Literal::String(..) => {
+                    TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, Substs::single(TyKind::Str.intern(&Interner)))
+                        .intern(&Interner)
+                }
                 Literal::ByteString(..) => {
-                    let byte_type = Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::U8));
-                    let array_type = Ty::Array(Substs::single(byte_type));
-                    Ty::Ref(Mutability::Not, Substs::single(array_type))
+                    let byte_type = TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::U8)).intern(&Interner);
+                    let array_type = TyKind::Array(Substs::single(byte_type)).intern(&Interner);
+                    TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, Substs::single(array_type)).intern(&Interner)
                 }
-                Literal::Char(..) => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Char),
+                Literal::Char(..) => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Char).intern(&Interner),
                 Literal::Int(_v, ty) => match ty {
                     Some(int_ty) => {
-                        Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(primitive::int_ty_from_builtin(*int_ty)))
+                        TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(primitive::int_ty_from_builtin(*int_ty)))
+                            .intern(&Interner)
                     }
                     None => self.table.new_integer_var(),
                 },
                 Literal::Uint(_v, ty) => match ty {
                     Some(int_ty) => {
-                        Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(primitive::uint_ty_from_builtin(*int_ty)))
+                        TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(primitive::uint_ty_from_builtin(*int_ty)))
+                            .intern(&Interner)
                     }
                     None => self.table.new_integer_var(),
                 },
                 Literal::Float(_v, ty) => match ty {
                     Some(float_ty) => {
-                        Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(primitive::float_ty_from_builtin(*float_ty)))
+                        TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(primitive::float_ty_from_builtin(*float_ty)))
+                            .intern(&Interner)
                     }
                     None => self.table.new_float_var(),
                 },
             },
         };
-        // use a new type variable if we got Ty::Unknown here
+        // use a new type variable if we got unknown here
         let ty = self.insert_type_vars_shallow(ty);
         let ty = self.resolve_ty_as_possible(ty);
         self.write_expr_ty(tgt_expr, ty.clone());
@@ -730,7 +764,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             match stmt {
                 Statement::Let { pat, type_ref, initializer } => {
                     let decl_ty =
-                        type_ref.as_ref().map(|tr| self.make_ty(tr)).unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown);
+                        type_ref.as_ref().map(|tr| self.make_ty(tr)).unwrap_or(self.err_ty());
 
                     // Always use the declared type when specified
                     let mut ty = decl_ty.clone();
@@ -738,7 +772,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     if let Some(expr) = initializer {
                         let actual_ty =
                             self.infer_expr_coerce(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(decl_ty.clone()));
-                        if decl_ty == Ty::Unknown {
+                        if decl_ty.is_unknown() {
                             ty = actual_ty;
                         }
                     }
@@ -802,7 +836,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 self.write_method_resolution(tgt_expr, func);
                 (ty, self.db.value_ty(func.into()), Some(generics(self.db.upcast(), func.into())))
             }
-            None => (receiver_ty, Binders::new(0, Ty::Unknown), None),
+            None => (receiver_ty, Binders::new(0, self.err_ty()), None),
         };
         let substs = self.substs_for_method_call(def_generics, generic_args, &derefed_receiver_ty);
         let method_ty = method_ty.subst(&substs);
@@ -813,15 +847,17 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 if !sig.params().is_empty() {
                     (sig.params()[0].clone(), sig.params()[1..].to_vec(), sig.ret().clone())
                 } else {
-                    (Ty::Unknown, Vec::new(), sig.ret().clone())
+                    (self.err_ty(), Vec::new(), sig.ret().clone())
                 }
             }
-            None => (Ty::Unknown, Vec::new(), Ty::Unknown),
+            None => (self.err_ty(), Vec::new(), self.err_ty()),
         };
         // Apply autoref so the below unification works correctly
         // FIXME: return correct autorefs from lookup_method
         let actual_receiver_ty = match expected_receiver_ty.as_reference() {
-            Some((_, mutability)) => Ty::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(derefed_receiver_ty)),
+            Some((_, mutability)) => {
+                TyKind::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(derefed_receiver_ty)).intern(&Interner)
+            }
             _ => derefed_receiver_ty,
         };
         self.unify(&expected_receiver_ty, &actual_receiver_ty);
@@ -837,7 +873,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         // that we have more information about the types of arguments when we
         // type-check the functions. This isn't really the right way to do this.
         for &check_closures in &[false, true] {
-            let param_iter = param_tys.iter().cloned().chain(repeat(Ty::Unknown));
+            let param_iter = param_tys.iter().cloned().chain(repeat(self.err_ty()));
             for (&arg, param_ty) in args.iter().zip(param_iter) {
                 let is_closure = matches!(&self.body[arg], Expr::Lambda { .. });
                 if is_closure != check_closures {
@@ -867,7 +903,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 if param.provenance == hir_def::generics::TypeParamProvenance::TraitSelf {
                     substs.push(receiver_ty.clone());
                 } else {
-                    substs.push(Ty::Unknown);
+                    substs.push(self.err_ty());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -891,14 +927,15 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         };
         let supplied_params = substs.len();
         for _ in supplied_params..total_len {
-            substs.push(Ty::Unknown);
+            substs.push(self.err_ty());
         }
         assert_eq!(substs.len(), total_len);
         Substs(substs.into())
     }
 
     fn register_obligations_for_call(&mut self, callable_ty: &Ty) {
-        if let &Ty::FnDef(def, ref parameters) = callable_ty {
+        if let TyKind::FnDef(fn_def, parameters) = callable_ty.interned(&Interner) {
+            let def: CallableDefId = from_chalk(self.db, *fn_def);
             let generic_predicates = self.db.generic_predicates(def.into());
             for predicate in generic_predicates.iter() {
                 let predicate = predicate.clone().subst(parameters);
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs
index a0ac8d80f..a16755cda 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use hir_def::{
 use hir_expand::name::Name;
 
 use super::{BindingMode, Expectation, InferenceContext};
-use crate::{lower::lower_to_chalk_mutability, utils::variant_data, Substs, Ty};
+use crate::{lower::lower_to_chalk_mutability, utils::variant_data, Interner, Substs, Ty, TyKind};
 
 impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     fn infer_tuple_struct_pat(
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             let expected_ty = var_data
                 .as_ref()
                 .and_then(|d| d.field(&Name::new_tuple_field(i)))
-                .map_or(Ty::Unknown, |field| field_tys[field].clone().subst(&substs));
+                .map_or(self.err_ty(), |field| field_tys[field].clone().subst(&substs));
             let expected_ty = self.normalize_associated_types_in(expected_ty);
             self.infer_pat(subpat, &expected_ty, default_bm);
         }
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 self.result.record_pat_field_resolutions.insert(subpat.pat, field_def);
             }
 
-            let expected_ty =
-                matching_field.map_or(Ty::Unknown, |field| field_tys[field].clone().subst(&substs));
+            let expected_ty = matching_field
+                .map_or(self.err_ty(), |field| field_tys[field].clone().subst(&substs));
             let expected_ty = self.normalize_associated_types_in(expected_ty);
             self.infer_pat(subpat.pat, &expected_ty, default_bm);
         }
@@ -129,7 +129,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     None => (&args[..], &[][..]),
                 };
                 let n_uncovered_patterns = expectations.len().saturating_sub(args.len());
-                let mut expectations_iter = expectations.iter().chain(repeat(&Ty::Unknown));
+                let err_ty = self.err_ty();
+                let mut expectations_iter = expectations.iter().chain(repeat(&err_ty));
                 let mut infer_pat = |(&pat, ty)| self.infer_pat(pat, ty, default_bm);
 
                 let mut inner_tys = Vec::with_capacity(n_uncovered_patterns + args.len());
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 inner_tys.extend(expectations_iter.by_ref().take(n_uncovered_patterns).cloned());
                 inner_tys.extend(post.iter().zip(expectations_iter).map(infer_pat));
 
-                Ty::Tuple(inner_tys.len(), Substs(inner_tys.into()))
+                TyKind::Tuple(inner_tys.len(), Substs(inner_tys.into())).intern(&Interner)
             }
             Pat::Or(ref pats) => {
                 if let Some((first_pat, rest)) = pats.split_first() {
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     }
                     ty
                 } else {
-                    Ty::Unknown
+                    self.err_ty()
                 }
             }
             Pat::Ref { pat, mutability } => {
@@ -159,10 +160,10 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         }
                         inner_ty
                     }
-                    _ => &Ty::Unknown,
+                    _ => &Ty(TyKind::Unknown),
                 };
                 let subty = self.infer_pat(*pat, expectation, default_bm);
-                Ty::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(subty))
+                TyKind::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(subty)).intern(&Interner)
             }
             Pat::TupleStruct { path: p, args: subpats, ellipsis } => self.infer_tuple_struct_pat(
                 p.as_ref(),
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             Pat::Path(path) => {
                 // FIXME use correct resolver for the surrounding expression
                 let resolver = self.resolver.clone();
-                self.infer_path(&resolver, &path, pat.into()).unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown)
+                self.infer_path(&resolver, &path, pat.into()).unwrap_or(self.err_ty())
             }
             Pat::Bind { mode, name: _, subpat } => {
                 let mode = if mode == &BindingAnnotation::Unannotated {
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
                 let bound_ty = match mode {
                     BindingMode::Ref(mutability) => {
-                        Ty::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty.clone()))
+                        TyKind::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty.clone())).intern(&Interner)
                     }
                     BindingMode::Move => inner_ty.clone(),
                 };
@@ -204,17 +205,17 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 return inner_ty;
             }
             Pat::Slice { prefix, slice, suffix } => {
-                let (container_ty, elem_ty): (fn(_) -> _, _) = match &expected {
-                    Ty::Array(st) => (Ty::Array, st.as_single().clone()),
-                    Ty::Slice(st) => (Ty::Slice, st.as_single().clone()),
-                    _ => (Ty::Slice, Ty::Unknown),
+                let (container_ty, elem_ty): (fn(_) -> _, _) = match expected.interned(&Interner) {
+                    TyKind::Array(st) => (TyKind::Array, st.as_single().clone()),
+                    TyKind::Slice(st) => (TyKind::Slice, st.as_single().clone()),
+                    _ => (TyKind::Slice, self.err_ty()),
                 };
 
                 for pat_id in prefix.iter().chain(suffix) {
                     self.infer_pat(*pat_id, &elem_ty, default_bm);
                 }
 
-                let pat_ty = container_ty(Substs::single(elem_ty));
+                let pat_ty = container_ty(Substs::single(elem_ty)).intern(&Interner);
                 if let Some(slice_pat_id) = slice {
                     self.infer_pat(*slice_pat_id, &pat_ty, default_bm);
                 }
@@ -232,20 +233,20 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 Some(box_adt) => {
                     let inner_expected = match expected.as_adt() {
                         Some((adt, substs)) if adt == box_adt => substs.as_single(),
-                        _ => &Ty::Unknown,
+                        _ => &Ty(TyKind::Unknown),
                     };
 
                     let inner_ty = self.infer_pat(*inner, inner_expected, default_bm);
                     Ty::adt_ty(box_adt, Substs::single(inner_ty))
                 }
-                None => Ty::Unknown,
+                None => self.err_ty(),
             },
             Pat::ConstBlock(expr) => {
                 self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(expected.clone()))
             }
-            Pat::Missing => Ty::Unknown,
+            Pat::Missing => self.err_ty(),
         };
-        // use a new type variable if we got Ty::Unknown here
+        // use a new type variable if we got error type here
         let ty = self.insert_type_vars_shallow(ty);
         if !self.unify(&ty, expected) {
             // FIXME record mismatch, we need to change the type of self.type_mismatches for that
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs
index ae3554bac..af108fb6c 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use hir_def::{
 };
 use hir_expand::name::Name;
 
-use crate::{method_resolution, Substs, Ty, ValueTyDefId};
+use crate::{method_resolution, Interner, Substs, Ty, TyKind, ValueTyDefId};
 
 use super::{ExprOrPatId, InferenceContext, TraitRef};
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             let ty = self.make_ty(type_ref);
             let remaining_segments_for_ty = path.segments().take(path.segments().len() - 1);
             let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &resolver);
-            let (ty, _) = Ty::from_type_relative_path(&ctx, ty, None, remaining_segments_for_ty);
+            let (ty, _) = ctx.lower_ty_relative_path(ty, None, remaining_segments_for_ty);
             self.resolve_ty_assoc_item(
                 ty,
                 &path.segments().last().expect("path had at least one segment").name,
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             }
             ValueNs::ImplSelf(impl_id) => {
                 let generics = crate::utils::generics(self.db.upcast(), impl_id.into());
-                let substs = Substs::type_params_for_generics(&generics);
+                let substs = Substs::type_params_for_generics(self.db, &generics);
                 let ty = self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).subst(&substs);
                 if let Some((AdtId::StructId(struct_id), substs)) = ty.as_adt() {
                     let ty = self.db.value_ty(struct_id.into()).subst(&substs);
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         // self_subst is just for the parent
         let parent_substs = self_subst.unwrap_or_else(Substs::empty);
         let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &self.resolver);
-        let substs = Ty::substs_from_path(&ctx, path, typable, true);
+        let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, typable, true);
         let full_substs = Substs::builder(substs.len())
             .use_parent_substs(&parent_substs)
             .fill(substs.0[parent_substs.len()..].iter().cloned())
@@ -126,7 +126,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let segment =
                     remaining_segments.last().expect("there should be at least one segment here");
                 let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &self.resolver);
-                let trait_ref = TraitRef::from_resolved_path(&ctx, trait_, resolved_segment, None);
+                let trait_ref =
+                    ctx.lower_trait_ref_from_resolved_path(trait_, resolved_segment, None);
                 self.resolve_trait_assoc_item(trait_ref, segment, id)
             }
             (def, _) => {
@@ -137,14 +138,13 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let remaining_segments_for_ty =
                     remaining_segments.take(remaining_segments.len() - 1);
                 let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &self.resolver);
-                let (ty, _) = Ty::from_partly_resolved_hir_path(
-                    &ctx,
+                let (ty, _) = ctx.lower_partly_resolved_path(
                     def,
                     resolved_segment,
                     remaining_segments_for_ty,
                     true,
                 );
-                if let Ty::Unknown = ty {
+                if let TyKind::Unknown = ty.interned(&Interner) {
                     return None;
                 }
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         name: &Name,
         id: ExprOrPatId,
     ) -> Option<(ValueNs, Option<Substs>)> {
-        if let Ty::Unknown = ty {
+        if let TyKind::Unknown = ty.interned(&Interner) {
             return None;
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs
index 54fcfed10..16d89ed1b 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use ena::unify::{InPlaceUnificationTable, NoError, UnifyKey, UnifyValue};
 
 use super::{InferenceContext, Obligation};
 use crate::{
-    BoundVar, Canonical, DebruijnIndex, GenericPredicate, InEnvironment, InferenceVar, Scalar,
-    Substs, Ty, TypeWalk,
+    BoundVar, Canonical, DebruijnIndex, GenericPredicate, InEnvironment, InferenceVar, Interner,
+    Scalar, Substs, Ty, TyKind, TypeWalk,
 };
 
 impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Canonicalizer<'a, 'b> {
 
     fn do_canonicalize<T: TypeWalk>(&mut self, t: T, binders: DebruijnIndex) -> T {
         t.fold_binders(
-            &mut |ty, binders| match ty {
-                Ty::InferenceVar(var, kind) => {
+            &mut |ty, binders| match ty.interned(&Interner) {
+                &TyKind::InferenceVar(var, kind) => {
                     let inner = var.to_inner();
                     if self.var_stack.contains(&inner) {
                         // recursive type
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Canonicalizer<'a, 'b> {
                     } else {
                         let root = self.ctx.table.var_unification_table.find(inner);
                         let position = self.add(InferenceVar::from_inner(root), kind);
-                        Ty::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(binders, position))
+                        TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(binders, position)).intern(&Interner)
                     }
                 }
                 _ => ty,
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ impl<T> Canonicalized<T> {
     pub(super) fn decanonicalize_ty(&self, mut ty: Ty) -> Ty {
         ty.walk_mut_binders(
             &mut |ty, binders| {
-                if let &mut Ty::BoundVar(bound) = ty {
+                if let &mut TyKind::BoundVar(bound) = &mut ty.0 {
                     if bound.debruijn >= binders {
                         let (v, k) = self.free_vars[bound.index];
-                        *ty = Ty::InferenceVar(v, k);
+                        *ty = TyKind::InferenceVar(v, k).intern(&Interner);
                     }
                 }
             },
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl<T> Canonicalized<T> {
             // eagerly replace projections in the type; we may be getting types
             // e.g. from where clauses where this hasn't happened yet
             let ty = ctx.normalize_associated_types_in(ty.clone().subst_bound_vars(&new_vars));
-            ctx.table.unify(&Ty::InferenceVar(v, k), &ty);
+            ctx.table.unify(&TyKind::InferenceVar(v, k).intern(&Interner), &ty);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -166,7 +166,10 @@ pub(crate) fn unify(tys: &Canonical<(Ty, Ty)>) -> Option<Substs> {
     // (kind of hacky)
     for (i, var) in vars.iter().enumerate() {
         if &*table.resolve_ty_shallow(var) == var {
-            table.unify(var, &Ty::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, i)));
+            table.unify(
+                var,
+                &TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, i)).intern(&Interner),
+            );
         }
     }
     Some(
@@ -196,11 +199,12 @@ impl TypeVariableTable {
 
     fn fallback_value(&self, iv: InferenceVar, kind: TyVariableKind) -> Ty {
         match kind {
-            _ if self.inner[iv.to_inner().0 as usize].diverging => Ty::Never,
-            TyVariableKind::General => Ty::Unknown,
-            TyVariableKind::Integer => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(IntTy::I32)),
-            TyVariableKind::Float => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(FloatTy::F64)),
+            _ if self.inner[iv.to_inner().0 as usize].diverging => TyKind::Never,
+            TyVariableKind::General => TyKind::Unknown,
+            TyVariableKind::Integer => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(IntTy::I32)),
+            TyVariableKind::Float => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(FloatTy::F64)),
         }
+        .intern(&Interner)
     }
 }
 
@@ -227,7 +231,7 @@ impl InferenceTable {
         self.type_variable_table.push(TypeVariableData { diverging });
         let key = self.var_unification_table.new_key(TypeVarValue::Unknown);
         assert_eq!(key.0 as usize, self.type_variable_table.inner.len() - 1);
-        Ty::InferenceVar(InferenceVar::from_inner(key), kind)
+        TyKind::InferenceVar(InferenceVar::from_inner(key), kind).intern(&Interner)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn new_type_var(&mut self) -> Ty {
@@ -290,12 +294,12 @@ impl InferenceTable {
     }
 
     pub(super) fn unify_inner_trivial(&mut self, ty1: &Ty, ty2: &Ty, depth: usize) -> bool {
-        match (ty1, ty2) {
-            (Ty::Unknown, _) | (_, Ty::Unknown) => true,
+        match (ty1.interned(&Interner), ty2.interned(&Interner)) {
+            (TyKind::Unknown, _) | (_, TyKind::Unknown) => true,
 
-            (Ty::Placeholder(p1), Ty::Placeholder(p2)) if *p1 == *p2 => true,
+            (TyKind::Placeholder(p1), TyKind::Placeholder(p2)) if *p1 == *p2 => true,
 
-            (Ty::Dyn(dyn1), Ty::Dyn(dyn2)) if dyn1.len() == dyn2.len() => {
+            (TyKind::Dyn(dyn1), TyKind::Dyn(dyn2)) if dyn1.len() == dyn2.len() => {
                 for (pred1, pred2) in dyn1.iter().zip(dyn2.iter()) {
                     if !self.unify_preds(pred1, pred2, depth + 1) {
                         return false;
@@ -305,16 +309,16 @@ impl InferenceTable {
             }
 
             (
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::General),
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::General),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::General),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::General),
             )
             | (
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::Integer),
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::Integer),
             )
             | (
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::Float),
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::Float),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::Float),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::Float),
             ) if self.type_variable_table.is_diverging(*tv1)
                 == self.type_variable_table.is_diverging(*tv2) =>
             {
@@ -326,24 +330,37 @@ impl InferenceTable {
             // The order of MaybeNeverTypeVar matters here.
             // Unifying MaybeNeverTypeVar and TypeVar will let the latter become MaybeNeverTypeVar.
             // Unifying MaybeNeverTypeVar and other concrete type will let the former become it.
-            (Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General), other)
-            | (other, Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General))
-            | (Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer), other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_)))
-            | (other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_)), Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer))
+            (TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General), other)
+            | (other, TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General))
             | (
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
-                other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_)),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_)),
             )
             | (
-                other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_)),
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_)),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
             )
-            | (Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Float), other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_)))
-            | (other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_)), Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Float)) =>
-            {
+            | (
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_)),
+            )
+            | (
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_)),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+            )
+            | (
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Float),
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_)),
+            )
+            | (
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_)),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Float),
+            ) => {
                 // the type var is unknown since we tried to resolve it
-                self.var_unification_table
-                    .union_value(tv.to_inner(), TypeVarValue::Known(other.clone()));
+                self.var_unification_table.union_value(
+                    tv.to_inner(),
+                    TypeVarValue::Known(other.clone().intern(&Interner)),
+                );
                 true
             }
 
@@ -387,8 +404,8 @@ impl InferenceTable {
             if i > 0 {
                 cov_mark::hit!(type_var_resolves_to_int_var);
             }
-            match &*ty {
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv, _) => {
+            match &ty.0 {
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, _) => {
                     let inner = tv.to_inner();
                     match self.var_unification_table.inlined_probe_value(inner).known() {
                         Some(known_ty) => {
@@ -410,8 +427,8 @@ impl InferenceTable {
     /// be resolved as far as possible, i.e. contain no type variables with
     /// known type.
     fn resolve_ty_as_possible_inner(&mut self, tv_stack: &mut Vec<TypeVarId>, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
-        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty {
-            Ty::InferenceVar(tv, kind) => {
+        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty.interned(&Interner) {
+            &TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, kind) => {
                 let inner = tv.to_inner();
                 if tv_stack.contains(&inner) {
                     cov_mark::hit!(type_var_cycles_resolve_as_possible);
@@ -435,10 +452,10 @@ impl InferenceTable {
     }
 
     /// Resolves the type completely; type variables without known type are
-    /// replaced by Ty::Unknown.
+    /// replaced by TyKind::Unknown.
     fn resolve_ty_completely_inner(&mut self, tv_stack: &mut Vec<TypeVarId>, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
-        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty {
-            Ty::InferenceVar(tv, kind) => {
+        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty.interned(&Interner) {
+            &TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, kind) => {
                 let inner = tv.to_inner();
                 if tv_stack.contains(&inner) {
                     cov_mark::hit!(type_var_cycles_resolve_completely);