22 files changed, 1300 insertions, 1188 deletions

diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/autoderef.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/autoderef.rs
index be1fd1f13..56c6b92d4 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/autoderef.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/autoderef.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,10 @@ use log::{info, warn};
 
 use crate::{
     db::HirDatabase,
+    to_assoc_type_id,
     traits::{InEnvironment, Solution},
     utils::generics,
-    BoundVar, Canonical, DebruijnIndex, Obligation, Substs, TraitRef, Ty,
+    BoundVar, Canonical, DebruijnIndex, Interner, Obligation, Substs, TraitRef, Ty, TyKind,
 };
 
 const AUTODEREF_RECURSION_LIMIT: usize = 10;
@@ -81,8 +82,12 @@ fn deref_by_trait(
 
     // Now do the assoc type projection
     let projection = super::traits::ProjectionPredicate {
-        ty: Ty::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, ty.value.kinds.len())),
-        projection_ty: super::ProjectionTy { associated_ty: target, parameters },
+        ty: TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, ty.value.kinds.len()))
+            .intern(&Interner),
+        projection_ty: super::ProjectionTy {
+            associated_ty_id: to_assoc_type_id(target),
+            substitution: parameters,
+        },
     };
 
     let obligation = super::Obligation::Projection(projection);
@@ -114,8 +119,8 @@ fn deref_by_trait(
             // new variables in that case
 
             for i in 1..vars.0.kinds.len() {
-                if vars.0.value[i - 1]
-                    != Ty::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, i - 1))
+                if vars.0.value[i - 1].interned(&Interner)
+                    != &TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, i - 1))
                 {
                     warn!("complex solution for derefing {:?}: {:?}, ignoring", ty.value, solution);
                     return None;
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/db.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/db.rs
index 06714409f..74a048672 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/db.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/db.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use la_arena::ArenaMap;
 use crate::{
     method_resolution::{InherentImpls, TraitImpls},
     traits::chalk,
-    Binders, CallableDefId, GenericPredicate, InferenceResult, OpaqueTyId, PolyFnSig,
+    Binders, CallableDefId, FnDefId, GenericPredicate, ImplTraitId, InferenceResult, PolyFnSig,
     ReturnTypeImplTraits, TraitRef, Ty, TyDefId, ValueTyDefId,
 };
 use hir_expand::name::Name;
@@ -65,6 +65,9 @@ pub trait HirDatabase: DefDatabase + Upcast<dyn DefDatabase> {
     #[salsa::invoke(crate::lower::generic_predicates_query)]
     fn generic_predicates(&self, def: GenericDefId) -> Arc<[Binders<GenericPredicate>]>;
 
+    #[salsa::invoke(crate::lower::trait_environment_query)]
+    fn trait_environment(&self, def: GenericDefId) -> Arc<crate::TraitEnvironment>;
+
     #[salsa::invoke(crate::lower::generic_defaults_query)]
     fn generic_defaults(&self, def: GenericDefId) -> Arc<[Binders<Ty>]>;
 
@@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ pub trait HirDatabase: DefDatabase + Upcast<dyn DefDatabase> {
     #[salsa::interned]
     fn intern_callable_def(&self, callable_def: CallableDefId) -> InternedCallableDefId;
     #[salsa::interned]
-    fn intern_type_param_id(&self, param_id: TypeParamId) -> GlobalTypeParamId;
+    fn intern_type_param_id(&self, param_id: TypeParamId) -> InternedTypeParamId;
     #[salsa::interned]
-    fn intern_impl_trait_id(&self, id: OpaqueTyId) -> InternedOpaqueTyId;
+    fn intern_impl_trait_id(&self, id: ImplTraitId) -> InternedOpaqueTyId;
     #[salsa::interned]
-    fn intern_closure(&self, id: (DefWithBodyId, ExprId)) -> ClosureId;
+    fn intern_closure(&self, id: (DefWithBodyId, ExprId)) -> InternedClosureId;
 
     #[salsa::invoke(chalk::associated_ty_data_query)]
     fn associated_ty_data(&self, id: chalk::AssocTypeId) -> Arc<chalk::AssociatedTyDatum>;
@@ -100,10 +103,10 @@ pub trait HirDatabase: DefDatabase + Upcast<dyn DefDatabase> {
     fn impl_datum(&self, krate: CrateId, impl_id: chalk::ImplId) -> Arc<chalk::ImplDatum>;
 
     #[salsa::invoke(crate::traits::chalk::fn_def_datum_query)]
-    fn fn_def_datum(&self, krate: CrateId, fn_def_id: chalk::FnDefId) -> Arc<chalk::FnDefDatum>;
+    fn fn_def_datum(&self, krate: CrateId, fn_def_id: FnDefId) -> Arc<chalk::FnDefDatum>;
 
     #[salsa::invoke(crate::traits::chalk::fn_def_variance_query)]
-    fn fn_def_variance(&self, krate: CrateId, fn_def_id: chalk::FnDefId) -> chalk::Variances;
+    fn fn_def_variance(&self, krate: CrateId, fn_def_id: FnDefId) -> chalk::Variances;
 
     #[salsa::invoke(crate::traits::chalk::adt_variance_query)]
     fn adt_variance(&self, krate: CrateId, adt_id: chalk::AdtId) -> chalk::Variances;
@@ -149,16 +152,16 @@ fn hir_database_is_object_safe() {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct GlobalTypeParamId(salsa::InternId);
-impl_intern_key!(GlobalTypeParamId);
+pub struct InternedTypeParamId(salsa::InternId);
+impl_intern_key!(InternedTypeParamId);
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct InternedOpaqueTyId(salsa::InternId);
 impl_intern_key!(InternedOpaqueTyId);
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct ClosureId(salsa::InternId);
-impl_intern_key!(ClosureId);
+pub struct InternedClosureId(salsa::InternId);
+impl_intern_key!(InternedClosureId);
 
 /// This exists just for Chalk, because Chalk just has a single `FnDefId` where
 /// we have different IDs for struct and enum variant constructors.
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/expr.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/expr.rs
index 2751cd304..b2bfd68d4 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/expr.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/expr.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
         MissingPatFields, RemoveThisSemicolon,
     },
     utils::variant_data,
-    AdtId, InferenceResult, Ty,
+    AdtId, InferenceResult, Interner, Ty, TyKind,
 };
 
 pub(crate) use hir_def::{
@@ -289,11 +289,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> ExprValidator<'a, 'b> {
         let (body, source_map): (Arc<Body>, Arc<BodySourceMap>) =
             db.body_with_source_map(self.owner.into());
 
-        let match_expr_ty = match infer.type_of_expr.get(match_expr) {
-            // If we can't resolve the type of the match expression
-            // we cannot perform exhaustiveness checks.
-            None | Some(Ty::Unknown) => return,
-            Some(ty) => ty,
+        let match_expr_ty = if infer.type_of_expr[match_expr].is_unknown() {
+            return;
+        } else {
+            &infer.type_of_expr[match_expr]
         };
 
         let cx = MatchCheckCtx { match_expr, body, infer: infer.clone(), db };
@@ -379,14 +378,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> ExprValidator<'a, 'b> {
             _ => return,
         };
 
-        let (params, required) = match mismatch.expected {
-            Ty::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::EnumId(enum_id)), ref parameters)
-                if enum_id == core_result_enum =>
+        let (params, required) = match mismatch.expected.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::EnumId(enum_id)), ref parameters)
+                if *enum_id == core_result_enum =>
             {
                 (parameters, "Ok".to_string())
             }
-            Ty::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::EnumId(enum_id)), ref parameters)
-                if enum_id == core_option_enum =>
+            TyKind::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::EnumId(enum_id)), ref parameters)
+                if *enum_id == core_option_enum =>
             {
                 (parameters, "Some".to_string())
             }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check.rs
index 04d39c571..5a5cdcbf3 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/match_check.rs
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ use hir_def::{
 use la_arena::Idx;
 use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
 
-use crate::{db::HirDatabase, AdtId, InferenceResult, Ty};
+use crate::{db::HirDatabase, AdtId, InferenceResult, Interner, TyKind};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 /// Either a pattern from the source code being analyzed, represented as
@@ -626,13 +626,13 @@ pub(super) fn is_useful(
     // - enum with no variants
     // - `!` type
     // In those cases, no match arm is useful.
-    match cx.infer[cx.match_expr].strip_references() {
-        Ty::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::EnumId(enum_id)), ..) => {
+    match cx.infer[cx.match_expr].strip_references().interned(&Interner) {
+        TyKind::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::EnumId(enum_id)), ..) => {
             if cx.db.enum_data(*enum_id).variants.is_empty() {
                 return Ok(Usefulness::NotUseful);
             }
         }
-        Ty::Never => return Ok(Usefulness::NotUseful),
+        TyKind::Never => return Ok(Usefulness::NotUseful),
         _ => (),
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/unsafe_check.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/unsafe_check.rs
index e77a20fea..20bb64827 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/unsafe_check.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/diagnostics/unsafe_check.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use hir_def::{
 };
 use hir_expand::diagnostics::DiagnosticSink;
 
-use crate::{db::HirDatabase, diagnostics::MissingUnsafe, InferenceResult, Ty};
+use crate::{db::HirDatabase, diagnostics::MissingUnsafe, InferenceResult, Interner, TyKind};
 
 pub(super) struct UnsafeValidator<'a, 'b: 'a> {
     owner: DefWithBodyId,
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ fn walk_unsafe(
     let expr = &body.exprs[current];
     match expr {
         &Expr::Call { callee, .. } => {
-            if let Some(func) = infer[callee].as_fn_def() {
+            if let Some(func) = infer[callee].as_fn_def(db) {
                 if db.function_data(func).is_unsafe {
                     unsafe_exprs.push(UnsafeExpr { expr: current, inside_unsafe_block });
                 }
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ fn walk_unsafe(
             }
         }
         Expr::UnaryOp { expr, op: UnaryOp::Deref } => {
-            if let Ty::Raw(..) = &infer[*expr] {
+            if let TyKind::Raw(..) = &infer[*expr].interned(&Interner) {
                 unsafe_exprs.push(UnsafeExpr { expr: current, inside_unsafe_block });
             }
         }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/display.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/display.rs
index ab51cb0a6..378c951c5 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/display.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/display.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@ use hir_def::{
 use hir_expand::name::Name;
 
 use crate::{
-    db::HirDatabase, primitive, utils::generics, AdtId, AliasTy, CallableDefId, CallableSig,
-    GenericPredicate, Lifetime, Obligation, OpaqueTy, OpaqueTyId, ProjectionTy, Scalar, Substs,
-    TraitRef, Ty,
+    db::HirDatabase, from_assoc_type_id, from_foreign_def_id, from_placeholder_idx, primitive,
+    to_assoc_type_id, traits::chalk::from_chalk, utils::generics, AdtId, AliasTy, CallableDefId,
+    CallableSig, GenericPredicate, ImplTraitId, Interner, Lifetime, Obligation, OpaqueTy,
+    ProjectionTy, Scalar, Substs, TraitRef, Ty, TyKind,
 };
 
 pub struct HirFormatter<'a> {
@@ -244,19 +245,19 @@ impl HirDisplay for ProjectionTy {
         }
 
         let trait_ = f.db.trait_data(self.trait_(f.db));
-        let first_parameter = self.parameters[0].into_displayable(
+        let first_parameter = self.substitution[0].into_displayable(
             f.db,
             f.max_size,
             f.omit_verbose_types,
             f.display_target,
         );
         write!(f, "<{} as {}", first_parameter, trait_.name)?;
-        if self.parameters.len() > 1 {
+        if self.substitution.len() > 1 {
             write!(f, "<")?;
-            f.write_joined(&self.parameters[1..], ", ")?;
+            f.write_joined(&self.substitution[1..], ", ")?;
             write!(f, ">")?;
         }
-        write!(f, ">::{}", f.db.type_alias_data(self.associated_ty).name)?;
+        write!(f, ">::{}", f.db.type_alias_data(from_assoc_type_id(self.associated_ty_id)).name)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -267,32 +268,32 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
             return write!(f, "{}", TYPE_HINT_TRUNCATION);
         }
 
-        match self {
-            Ty::Never => write!(f, "!")?,
-            Ty::Str => write!(f, "str")?,
-            Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool) => write!(f, "bool")?,
-            Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Char) => write!(f, "char")?,
-            &Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(t)) => write!(f, "{}", primitive::float_ty_to_string(t))?,
-            &Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(t)) => write!(f, "{}", primitive::int_ty_to_string(t))?,
-            &Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(t)) => write!(f, "{}", primitive::uint_ty_to_string(t))?,
-            Ty::Slice(parameters) => {
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Never => write!(f, "!")?,
+            TyKind::Str => write!(f, "str")?,
+            TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool) => write!(f, "bool")?,
+            TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Char) => write!(f, "char")?,
+            &TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(t)) => write!(f, "{}", primitive::float_ty_to_string(t))?,
+            &TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(t)) => write!(f, "{}", primitive::int_ty_to_string(t))?,
+            &TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(t)) => write!(f, "{}", primitive::uint_ty_to_string(t))?,
+            TyKind::Slice(parameters) => {
                 let t = parameters.as_single();
                 write!(f, "[")?;
                 t.hir_fmt(f)?;
                 write!(f, "]")?;
             }
-            Ty::Array(parameters) => {
+            TyKind::Array(parameters) => {
                 let t = parameters.as_single();
                 write!(f, "[")?;
                 t.hir_fmt(f)?;
                 write!(f, "; _]")?;
             }
-            Ty::Raw(m, parameters) | Ty::Ref(m, parameters) => {
+            TyKind::Raw(m, parameters) | TyKind::Ref(m, parameters) => {
                 let t = parameters.as_single();
                 let ty_display =
                     t.into_displayable(f.db, f.max_size, f.omit_verbose_types, f.display_target);
 
-                if matches!(self, Ty::Raw(..)) {
+                if matches!(self.interned(&Interner), TyKind::Raw(..)) {
                     write!(
                         f,
                         "*{}",
@@ -312,22 +313,29 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                     )?;
                 }
 
+                // FIXME: all this just to decide whether to use parentheses...
                 let datas;
-                let predicates = match t {
-                    Ty::Dyn(predicates) if predicates.len() > 1 => {
+                let predicates = match t.interned(&Interner) {
+                    TyKind::Dyn(predicates) if predicates.len() > 1 => {
                         Cow::Borrowed(predicates.as_ref())
                     }
-                    &Ty::Alias(AliasTy::Opaque(OpaqueTy {
-                        opaque_ty_id: OpaqueTyId::ReturnTypeImplTrait(func, idx),
-                        ref parameters,
+                    &TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Opaque(OpaqueTy {
+                        opaque_ty_id,
+                        substitution: ref parameters,
                     })) => {
-                        datas =
-                            f.db.return_type_impl_traits(func).expect("impl trait id without data");
-                        let data = (*datas)
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .map(|rpit| rpit.impl_traits[idx as usize].bounds.clone());
-                        let bounds = data.subst(parameters);
-                        Cow::Owned(bounds.value)
+                        let impl_trait_id = f.db.lookup_intern_impl_trait_id(opaque_ty_id.into());
+                        if let ImplTraitId::ReturnTypeImplTrait(func, idx) = impl_trait_id {
+                            datas =
+                                f.db.return_type_impl_traits(func)
+                                    .expect("impl trait id without data");
+                            let data = (*datas)
+                                .as_ref()
+                                .map(|rpit| rpit.impl_traits[idx as usize].bounds.clone());
+                            let bounds = data.subst(parameters);
+                            Cow::Owned(bounds.value)
+                        } else {
+                            Cow::Borrowed(&[][..])
+                        }
                     }
                     _ => Cow::Borrowed(&[][..]),
                 };
@@ -347,7 +355,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                     write!(f, "{}", ty_display)?;
                 }
             }
-            Ty::Tuple(_, substs) => {
+            TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) => {
                 if substs.len() == 1 {
                     write!(f, "(")?;
                     substs[0].hir_fmt(f)?;
@@ -358,12 +366,12 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                     write!(f, ")")?;
                 }
             }
-            Ty::Function(fn_ptr) => {
+            TyKind::Function(fn_ptr) => {
                 let sig = CallableSig::from_fn_ptr(fn_ptr);
                 sig.hir_fmt(f)?;
             }
-            Ty::FnDef(def, parameters) => {
-                let def = *def;
+            TyKind::FnDef(def, parameters) => {
+                let def = from_chalk(f.db, *def);
                 let sig = f.db.callable_item_signature(def).subst(parameters);
                 match def {
                     CallableDefId::FunctionId(ff) => {
@@ -401,7 +409,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                     write!(f, " -> {}", ret_display)?;
                 }
             }
-            Ty::Adt(AdtId(def_id), parameters) => {
+            TyKind::Adt(AdtId(def_id), parameters) => {
                 match f.display_target {
                     DisplayTarget::Diagnostics | DisplayTarget::Test => {
                         let name = match *def_id {
@@ -427,37 +435,39 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                 }
 
                 if parameters.len() > 0 {
-                    let parameters_to_write =
-                        if f.display_target.is_source_code() || f.omit_verbose_types() {
-                            match self
-                                .as_generic_def()
-                                .map(|generic_def_id| f.db.generic_defaults(generic_def_id))
-                                .filter(|defaults| !defaults.is_empty())
-                            {
-                                None => parameters.0.as_ref(),
-                                Some(default_parameters) => {
-                                    let mut default_from = 0;
-                                    for (i, parameter) in parameters.iter().enumerate() {
-                                        match (parameter, default_parameters.get(i)) {
-                                            (&Ty::Unknown, _) | (_, None) => {
+                    let parameters_to_write = if f.display_target.is_source_code()
+                        || f.omit_verbose_types()
+                    {
+                        match self
+                            .as_generic_def(f.db)
+                            .map(|generic_def_id| f.db.generic_defaults(generic_def_id))
+                            .filter(|defaults| !defaults.is_empty())
+                        {
+                            None => parameters.0.as_ref(),
+                            Some(default_parameters) => {
+                                let mut default_from = 0;
+                                for (i, parameter) in parameters.iter().enumerate() {
+                                    match (parameter.interned(&Interner), default_parameters.get(i))
+                                    {
+                                        (&TyKind::Unknown, _) | (_, None) => {
+                                            default_from = i + 1;
+                                        }
+                                        (_, Some(default_parameter)) => {
+                                            let actual_default = default_parameter
+                                                .clone()
+                                                .subst(&parameters.prefix(i));
+                                            if parameter != &actual_default {
                                                 default_from = i + 1;
                                             }
-                                            (_, Some(default_parameter)) => {
-                                                let actual_default = default_parameter
-                                                    .clone()
-                                                    .subst(&parameters.prefix(i));
-                                                if parameter != &actual_default {
-                                                    default_from = i + 1;
-                                                }
-                                            }
                                         }
                                     }
-                                    &parameters.0[0..default_from]
                                 }
+                                &parameters.0[0..default_from]
                             }
-                        } else {
-                            parameters.0.as_ref()
-                        };
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        parameters.0.as_ref()
+                    };
                     if !parameters_to_write.is_empty() {
                         write!(f, "<")?;
                         f.write_joined(parameters_to_write, ", ")?;
@@ -465,13 +475,14 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            Ty::AssociatedType(type_alias, parameters) => {
+            TyKind::AssociatedType(assoc_type_id, parameters) => {
+                let type_alias = from_assoc_type_id(*assoc_type_id);
                 let trait_ = match type_alias.lookup(f.db.upcast()).container {
                     AssocContainerId::TraitId(it) => it,
                     _ => panic!("not an associated type"),
                 };
                 let trait_ = f.db.trait_data(trait_);
-                let type_alias_data = f.db.type_alias_data(*type_alias);
+                let type_alias_data = f.db.type_alias_data(type_alias);
 
                 // Use placeholder associated types when the target is test (https://rust-lang.github.io/chalk/book/clauses/type_equality.html#placeholder-associated-types)
                 if f.display_target.is_test() {
@@ -482,19 +493,22 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                         write!(f, ">")?;
                     }
                 } else {
-                    let projection_ty =
-                        ProjectionTy { associated_ty: *type_alias, parameters: parameters.clone() };
+                    let projection_ty = ProjectionTy {
+                        associated_ty_id: to_assoc_type_id(type_alias),
+                        substitution: parameters.clone(),
+                    };
 
                     projection_ty.hir_fmt(f)?;
                 }
             }
-            Ty::ForeignType(type_alias) => {
-                let type_alias = f.db.type_alias_data(*type_alias);
+            TyKind::ForeignType(type_alias) => {
+                let type_alias = f.db.type_alias_data(from_foreign_def_id(*type_alias));
                 write!(f, "{}", type_alias.name)?;
             }
-            Ty::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, parameters) => {
-                match opaque_ty_id {
-                    &OpaqueTyId::ReturnTypeImplTrait(func, idx) => {
+            TyKind::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, parameters) => {
+                let impl_trait_id = f.db.lookup_intern_impl_trait_id((*opaque_ty_id).into());
+                match impl_trait_id {
+                    ImplTraitId::ReturnTypeImplTrait(func, idx) => {
                         let datas =
                             f.db.return_type_impl_traits(func).expect("impl trait id without data");
                         let data = (*datas)
@@ -504,14 +518,14 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                         write_bounds_like_dyn_trait_with_prefix("impl", &bounds.value, f)?;
                         // FIXME: it would maybe be good to distinguish this from the alias type (when debug printing), and to show the substitution
                     }
-                    OpaqueTyId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(..) => {
+                    ImplTraitId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(..) => {
                         write!(f, "impl Future<Output = ")?;
                         parameters[0].hir_fmt(f)?;
                         write!(f, ">")?;
                     }
                 }
             }
-            Ty::Closure(.., substs) => {
+            TyKind::Closure(.., substs) => {
                 let sig = substs[0].callable_sig(f.db);
                 if let Some(sig) = sig {
                     if sig.params().is_empty() {
@@ -535,7 +549,8 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                     write!(f, "{{closure}}")?;
                 }
             }
-            Ty::Placeholder(id) => {
+            TyKind::Placeholder(idx) => {
+                let id = from_placeholder_idx(f.db, *idx);
                 let generics = generics(f.db.upcast(), id.parent);
                 let param_data = &generics.params.types[id.local_id];
                 match param_data.provenance {
@@ -543,8 +558,8 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                         write!(f, "{}", param_data.name.clone().unwrap_or_else(Name::missing))?
                     }
                     TypeParamProvenance::ArgumentImplTrait => {
-                        let bounds = f.db.generic_predicates_for_param(*id);
-                        let substs = Substs::type_params_for_generics(&generics);
+                        let bounds = f.db.generic_predicates_for_param(id);
+                        let substs = Substs::type_params_for_generics(f.db, &generics);
                         write_bounds_like_dyn_trait_with_prefix(
                             "impl",
                             &bounds.iter().map(|b| b.clone().subst(&substs)).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
@@ -553,28 +568,29 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            Ty::BoundVar(idx) => write!(f, "?{}.{}", idx.debruijn.depth(), idx.index)?,
-            Ty::Dyn(predicates) => {
+            TyKind::BoundVar(idx) => write!(f, "?{}.{}", idx.debruijn.depth(), idx.index)?,
+            TyKind::Dyn(predicates) => {
                 write_bounds_like_dyn_trait_with_prefix("dyn", predicates, f)?;
             }
-            Ty::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(p_ty)) => p_ty.hir_fmt(f)?,
-            Ty::Alias(AliasTy::Opaque(opaque_ty)) => {
-                match opaque_ty.opaque_ty_id {
-                    OpaqueTyId::ReturnTypeImplTrait(func, idx) => {
+            TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(p_ty)) => p_ty.hir_fmt(f)?,
+            TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Opaque(opaque_ty)) => {
+                let impl_trait_id = f.db.lookup_intern_impl_trait_id(opaque_ty.opaque_ty_id.into());
+                match impl_trait_id {
+                    ImplTraitId::ReturnTypeImplTrait(func, idx) => {
                         let datas =
                             f.db.return_type_impl_traits(func).expect("impl trait id without data");
                         let data = (*datas)
                             .as_ref()
                             .map(|rpit| rpit.impl_traits[idx as usize].bounds.clone());
-                        let bounds = data.subst(&opaque_ty.parameters);
+                        let bounds = data.subst(&opaque_ty.substitution);
                         write_bounds_like_dyn_trait_with_prefix("impl", &bounds.value, f)?;
                     }
-                    OpaqueTyId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(..) => {
+                    ImplTraitId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(..) => {
                         write!(f, "{{async block}}")?;
                     }
                 };
             }
-            Ty::Unknown => {
+            TyKind::Unknown => {
                 if f.display_target.is_source_code() {
                     return Err(HirDisplayError::DisplaySourceCodeError(
                         DisplaySourceCodeError::UnknownType,
@@ -582,7 +598,7 @@ impl HirDisplay for Ty {
                 }
                 write!(f, "{{unknown}}")?;
             }
-            Ty::InferenceVar(..) => write!(f, "_")?,
+            TyKind::InferenceVar(..) => write!(f, "_")?,
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -695,7 +711,9 @@ fn write_bounds_like_dyn_trait(
                     write!(f, "<")?;
                     angle_open = true;
                 }
-                let type_alias = f.db.type_alias_data(projection_pred.projection_ty.associated_ty);
+                let type_alias = f.db.type_alias_data(from_assoc_type_id(
+                    projection_pred.projection_ty.associated_ty_id,
+                ));
                 write!(f, "{} = ", type_alias.name)?;
                 projection_pred.ty.hir_fmt(f)?;
             }
@@ -766,7 +784,10 @@ impl HirDisplay for GenericPredicate {
                 write!(
                     f,
                     ">::{} = ",
-                    f.db.type_alias_data(projection_pred.projection_ty.associated_ty).name,
+                    f.db.type_alias_data(from_assoc_type_id(
+                        projection_pred.projection_ty.associated_ty_id
+                    ))
+                    .name,
                 )?;
                 projection_pred.ty.hir_fmt(f)?;
             }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer.rs
index 4d771a91e..fbfedb4e6 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@ use super::{
     InEnvironment, ProjectionTy, Substs, TraitEnvironment, TraitRef, Ty, TypeWalk,
 };
 use crate::{
-    db::HirDatabase, infer::diagnostics::InferenceDiagnostic, lower::ImplTraitLoweringMode, AliasTy,
+    db::HirDatabase, infer::diagnostics::InferenceDiagnostic, lower::ImplTraitLoweringMode,
+    to_assoc_type_id, AliasTy, Interner, TyKind,
 };
 
 pub(crate) use unify::unify;
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ impl Index<ExprId> for InferenceResult {
     type Output = Ty;
 
     fn index(&self, expr: ExprId) -> &Ty {
-        self.type_of_expr.get(expr).unwrap_or(&Ty::Unknown)
+        self.type_of_expr.get(expr).unwrap_or(&Ty(TyKind::Unknown))
     }
 }
 
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ impl Index<PatId> for InferenceResult {
     type Output = Ty;
 
     fn index(&self, pat: PatId) -> &Ty {
-        self.type_of_pat.get(pat).unwrap_or(&Ty::Unknown)
+        self.type_of_pat.get(pat).unwrap_or(&Ty(TyKind::Unknown))
     }
 }
 
@@ -226,8 +227,10 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             result: InferenceResult::default(),
             table: unify::InferenceTable::new(),
             obligations: Vec::default(),
-            return_ty: Ty::Unknown, // set in collect_fn_signature
-            trait_env: TraitEnvironment::lower(db, &resolver),
+            return_ty: TyKind::Unknown.intern(&Interner), // set in collect_fn_signature
+            trait_env: owner
+                .as_generic_def_id()
+                .map_or_else(Default::default, |d| db.trait_environment(d)),
             db,
             owner,
             body: db.body(owner),
@@ -237,15 +240,19 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         }
     }
 
+    fn err_ty(&self) -> Ty {
+        TyKind::Unknown.intern(&Interner)
+    }
+
     fn resolve_all(mut self) -> InferenceResult {
         // FIXME resolve obligations as well (use Guidance if necessary)
         let mut result = std::mem::take(&mut self.result);
         for ty in result.type_of_expr.values_mut() {
-            let resolved = self.table.resolve_ty_completely(mem::replace(ty, Ty::Unknown));
+            let resolved = self.table.resolve_ty_completely(ty.clone());
             *ty = resolved;
         }
         for ty in result.type_of_pat.values_mut() {
-            let resolved = self.table.resolve_ty_completely(mem::replace(ty, Ty::Unknown));
+            let resolved = self.table.resolve_ty_completely(ty.clone());
             *ty = resolved;
         }
         result
@@ -287,7 +294,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         // FIXME use right resolver for block
         let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &self.resolver)
             .with_impl_trait_mode(impl_trait_mode);
-        let ty = Ty::from_hir(&ctx, type_ref);
+        let ty = ctx.lower_ty(type_ref);
         let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty);
         self.normalize_associated_types_in(ty)
     }
@@ -298,8 +305,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
     /// Replaces Ty::Unknown by a new type var, so we can maybe still infer it.
     fn insert_type_vars_shallow(&mut self, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
-        match ty {
-            Ty::Unknown => self.table.new_type_var(),
+        match ty.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Unknown => self.table.new_type_var(),
             _ => ty,
         }
     }
@@ -377,13 +384,16 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let trait_ref = TraitRef { trait_, substs: substs.clone() };
                 let projection = ProjectionPredicate {
                     ty: ty.clone(),
-                    projection_ty: ProjectionTy { associated_ty: res_assoc_ty, parameters: substs },
+                    projection_ty: ProjectionTy {
+                        associated_ty_id: to_assoc_type_id(res_assoc_ty),
+                        substitution: substs,
+                    },
                 };
                 self.obligations.push(Obligation::Trait(trait_ref));
                 self.obligations.push(Obligation::Projection(projection));
                 self.resolve_ty_as_possible(ty)
             }
-            None => Ty::Unknown,
+            None => self.err_ty(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -395,8 +405,10 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     /// to do it as well.
     fn normalize_associated_types_in(&mut self, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
         let ty = self.resolve_ty_as_possible(ty);
-        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty {
-            Ty::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(proj_ty)) => self.normalize_projection_ty(proj_ty),
+        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(proj_ty)) => {
+                self.normalize_projection_ty(proj_ty.clone())
+            }
             _ => ty,
         })
     }
@@ -412,7 +424,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     fn resolve_variant(&mut self, path: Option<&Path>) -> (Ty, Option<VariantId>) {
         let path = match path {
             Some(path) => path,
-            None => return (Ty::Unknown, None),
+            None => return (self.err_ty(), None),
         };
         let resolver = &self.resolver;
         let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &self.resolver);
@@ -421,30 +433,30 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         let (resolution, unresolved) =
             match resolver.resolve_path_in_type_ns(self.db.upcast(), path.mod_path()) {
                 Some(it) => it,
-                None => return (Ty::Unknown, None),
+                None => return (self.err_ty(), None),
             };
         return match resolution {
             TypeNs::AdtId(AdtId::StructId(strukt)) => {
-                let substs = Ty::substs_from_path(&ctx, path, strukt.into(), true);
+                let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, strukt.into(), true);
                 let ty = self.db.ty(strukt.into());
                 let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.subst(&substs));
                 forbid_unresolved_segments((ty, Some(strukt.into())), unresolved)
             }
             TypeNs::AdtId(AdtId::UnionId(u)) => {
-                let substs = Ty::substs_from_path(&ctx, path, u.into(), true);
+                let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, u.into(), true);
                 let ty = self.db.ty(u.into());
                 let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.subst(&substs));
                 forbid_unresolved_segments((ty, Some(u.into())), unresolved)
             }
             TypeNs::EnumVariantId(var) => {
-                let substs = Ty::substs_from_path(&ctx, path, var.into(), true);
+                let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, var.into(), true);
                 let ty = self.db.ty(var.parent.into());
                 let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.subst(&substs));
                 forbid_unresolved_segments((ty, Some(var.into())), unresolved)
             }
             TypeNs::SelfType(impl_id) => {
                 let generics = crate::utils::generics(self.db.upcast(), impl_id.into());
-                let substs = Substs::type_params_for_generics(&generics);
+                let substs = Substs::type_params_for_generics(self.db, &generics);
                 let ty = self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).subst(&substs);
                 match unresolved {
                     None => {
@@ -462,11 +474,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                             }
                         }
                         // FIXME potentially resolve assoc type
-                        (Ty::Unknown, None)
+                        (self.err_ty(), None)
                     }
                     Some(_) => {
                         // FIXME diagnostic
-                        (Ty::Unknown, None)
+                        (self.err_ty(), None)
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -480,15 +492,15 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             }
             TypeNs::AdtSelfType(_) => {
                 // FIXME this could happen in array size expressions, once we're checking them
-                (Ty::Unknown, None)
+                (self.err_ty(), None)
             }
             TypeNs::GenericParam(_) => {
                 // FIXME potentially resolve assoc type
-                (Ty::Unknown, None)
+                (self.err_ty(), None)
             }
             TypeNs::AdtId(AdtId::EnumId(_)) | TypeNs::BuiltinType(_) | TypeNs::TraitId(_) => {
                 // FIXME diagnostic
-                (Ty::Unknown, None)
+                (self.err_ty(), None)
             }
         };
 
@@ -500,7 +512,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 result
             } else {
                 // FIXME diagnostic
-                (Ty::Unknown, None)
+                (TyKind::Unknown.intern(&Interner), None)
             }
         }
 
@@ -529,7 +541,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &self.resolver)
             .with_impl_trait_mode(ImplTraitLoweringMode::Param);
         let param_tys =
-            data.params.iter().map(|type_ref| Ty::from_hir(&ctx, type_ref)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            data.params.iter().map(|type_ref| ctx.lower_ty(type_ref)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
         for (ty, pat) in param_tys.into_iter().zip(body.params.iter()) {
             let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty);
             let ty = self.normalize_associated_types_in(ty);
@@ -711,12 +723,12 @@ impl Expectation {
 
     /// This expresses no expectation on the type.
     fn none() -> Self {
-        Expectation { ty: Ty::Unknown, rvalue_hint: false }
+        Expectation { ty: TyKind::Unknown.intern(&Interner), rvalue_hint: false }
     }
 
     fn coercion_target(&self) -> &Ty {
         if self.rvalue_hint {
-            &Ty::Unknown
+            &Ty(TyKind::Unknown)
         } else {
             &self.ty
         }
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs
index 7e8846f27..36670043a 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/coerce.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 use chalk_ir::{Mutability, TyVariableKind};
 use hir_def::lang_item::LangItemTarget;
 
-use crate::{autoderef, traits::Solution, Obligation, Substs, TraitRef, Ty};
+use crate::{autoderef, traits::Solution, Interner, Obligation, Substs, TraitRef, Ty, TyKind};
 
 use super::{InEnvironment, InferenceContext};
 
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         } else if self.coerce(ty2, ty1) {
             ty1.clone()
         } else {
-            if let (Ty::FnDef(..), Ty::FnDef(..)) = (ty1, ty2) {
+            if let (TyKind::FnDef(..), TyKind::FnDef(..)) =
+                (ty1.interned(&Interner), ty2.interned(&Interner))
+            {
                 cov_mark::hit!(coerce_fn_reification);
                 // Special case: two function types. Try to coerce both to
                 // pointers to have a chance at getting a match. See
@@ -51,13 +53,13 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     }
 
     fn coerce_inner(&mut self, mut from_ty: Ty, to_ty: &Ty) -> bool {
-        match (&from_ty, to_ty) {
+        match (from_ty.interned(&Interner), to_ty.interned(&Interner)) {
             // Never type will make type variable to fallback to Never Type instead of Unknown.
-            (Ty::Never, Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General)) => {
+            (TyKind::Never, TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General)) => {
                 self.table.type_variable_table.set_diverging(*tv, true);
                 return true;
             }
-            (Ty::Never, _) => return true,
+            (TyKind::Never, _) => return true,
 
             // Trivial cases, this should go after `never` check to
             // avoid infer result type to be never
@@ -69,33 +71,33 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         }
 
         // Pointer weakening and function to pointer
-        match (&mut from_ty, to_ty) {
+        match (&mut from_ty.0, to_ty.interned(&Interner)) {
             // `*mut T` -> `*const T`
             // `&mut T` -> `&T`
-            (Ty::Raw(m1, ..), Ty::Raw(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..))
-            | (Ty::Ref(m1, ..), Ty::Ref(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..)) => {
+            (TyKind::Raw(m1, ..), TyKind::Raw(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..))
+            | (TyKind::Ref(m1, ..), TyKind::Ref(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..)) => {
                 *m1 = *m2;
             }
             // `&T` -> `*const T`
             // `&mut T` -> `*mut T`/`*const T`
-            (Ty::Ref(.., substs), &Ty::Raw(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..))
-            | (Ty::Ref(Mutability::Mut, substs), &Ty::Raw(m2, ..)) => {
-                from_ty = Ty::Raw(m2, substs.clone());
+            (TyKind::Ref(.., substs), &TyKind::Raw(m2 @ Mutability::Not, ..))
+            | (TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut, substs), &TyKind::Raw(m2, ..)) => {
+                from_ty = TyKind::Raw(m2, substs.clone()).intern(&Interner);
             }
 
             // Illegal mutability conversion
-            (Ty::Raw(Mutability::Not, ..), Ty::Raw(Mutability::Mut, ..))
-            | (Ty::Ref(Mutability::Not, ..), Ty::Ref(Mutability::Mut, ..)) => return false,
+            (TyKind::Raw(Mutability::Not, ..), TyKind::Raw(Mutability::Mut, ..))
+            | (TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, ..), TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Mut, ..)) => return false,
 
             // `{function_type}` -> `fn()`
-            (Ty::FnDef(..), Ty::Function { .. }) => match from_ty.callable_sig(self.db) {
+            (TyKind::FnDef(..), TyKind::Function { .. }) => match from_ty.callable_sig(self.db) {
                 None => return false,
                 Some(sig) => {
                     from_ty = Ty::fn_ptr(sig);
                 }
             },
 
-            (Ty::Closure(.., substs), Ty::Function { .. }) => {
+            (TyKind::Closure(.., substs), TyKind::Function { .. }) => {
                 from_ty = substs[0].clone();
             }
 
@@ -107,9 +109,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         }
 
         // Auto Deref if cannot coerce
-        match (&from_ty, to_ty) {
+        match (from_ty.interned(&Interner), to_ty.interned(&Interner)) {
             // FIXME: DerefMut
-            (Ty::Ref(_, st1), Ty::Ref(_, st2)) => self.unify_autoderef_behind_ref(&st1[0], &st2[0]),
+            (TyKind::Ref(_, st1), TyKind::Ref(_, st2)) => {
+                self.unify_autoderef_behind_ref(&st1[0], &st2[0])
+            }
 
             // Otherwise, normal unify
             _ => self.unify(&from_ty, to_ty),
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs
index 262177ffb..55163c963 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/expr.rs
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@ use crate::{
     lower::lower_to_chalk_mutability,
     method_resolution, op,
     primitive::{self, UintTy},
-    traits::{FnTrait, InEnvironment},
+    to_assoc_type_id,
+    traits::{chalk::from_chalk, FnTrait, InEnvironment},
     utils::{generics, variant_data, Generics},
-    AdtId, Binders, CallableDefId, FnPointer, FnSig, Obligation, OpaqueTyId, Rawness, Scalar,
-    Substs, TraitRef, Ty,
+    AdtId, Binders, CallableDefId, FnPointer, FnSig, Interner, Obligation, Rawness, Scalar, Substs,
+    TraitRef, Ty, TyKind,
 };
 
 use super::{
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             // Return actual type when type mismatch.
             // This is needed for diagnostic when return type mismatch.
             ty
-        } else if expected.coercion_target() == &Ty::Unknown {
+        } else if expected.coercion_target().is_unknown() {
             ty
         } else {
             expected.ty.clone()
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             arg_tys.push(arg);
         }
         let parameters = param_builder.build();
-        let arg_ty = Ty::Tuple(num_args, parameters);
+        let arg_ty = TyKind::Tuple(num_args, parameters).intern(&Interner);
         let substs =
             Substs::build_for_generics(&generic_params).push(ty.clone()).push(arg_ty).build();
 
@@ -97,8 +98,10 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         });
         if self.db.trait_solve(krate, goal.value).is_some() {
             self.obligations.push(implements_fn_trait);
-            let output_proj_ty =
-                crate::ProjectionTy { associated_ty: output_assoc_type, parameters: substs };
+            let output_proj_ty = crate::ProjectionTy {
+                associated_ty_id: to_assoc_type_id(output_assoc_type),
+                substitution: substs,
+            };
             let return_ty = self.normalize_projection_ty(output_proj_ty);
             Some((arg_tys, return_ty))
         } else {
@@ -116,10 +119,13 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     fn infer_expr_inner(&mut self, tgt_expr: ExprId, expected: &Expectation) -> Ty {
         let body = Arc::clone(&self.body); // avoid borrow checker problem
         let ty = match &body[tgt_expr] {
-            Expr::Missing => Ty::Unknown,
+            Expr::Missing => self.err_ty(),
             Expr::If { condition, then_branch, else_branch } => {
                 // if let is desugared to match, so this is always simple if
-                self.infer_expr(*condition, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)));
+                self.infer_expr(
+                    *condition,
+                    &Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner)),
+                );
 
                 let condition_diverges = mem::replace(&mut self.diverges, Diverges::Maybe);
                 let mut both_arms_diverge = Diverges::Always;
@@ -167,14 +173,15 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             Expr::TryBlock { body } => {
                 let _inner = self.infer_expr(*body, expected);
                 // FIXME should be std::result::Result<{inner}, _>
-                Ty::Unknown
+                self.err_ty()
             }
             Expr::Async { body } => {
                 // Use the first type parameter as the output type of future.
                 // existenail type AsyncBlockImplTrait<InnerType>: Future<Output = InnerType>
                 let inner_ty = self.infer_expr(*body, &Expectation::none());
-                let opaque_ty_id = OpaqueTyId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(self.owner, *body);
-                Ty::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, Substs::single(inner_ty))
+                let impl_trait_id = crate::ImplTraitId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(self.owner, *body);
+                let opaque_ty_id = self.db.intern_impl_trait_id(impl_trait_id).into();
+                TyKind::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, Substs::single(inner_ty)).intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Loop { body, label } => {
                 self.breakables.push(BreakableContext {
@@ -192,17 +199,20 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 if ctxt.may_break {
                     ctxt.break_ty
                 } else {
-                    Ty::Never
+                    TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
                 }
             }
             Expr::While { condition, body, label } => {
                 self.breakables.push(BreakableContext {
                     may_break: false,
-                    break_ty: Ty::Unknown,
+                    break_ty: self.err_ty(),
                     label: label.map(|label| self.body[label].name.clone()),
                 });
                 // while let is desugared to a match loop, so this is always simple while
-                self.infer_expr(*condition, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)));
+                self.infer_expr(
+                    *condition,
+                    &Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner)),
+                );
                 self.infer_expr(*body, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::unit()));
                 let _ctxt = self.breakables.pop().expect("breakable stack broken");
                 // the body may not run, so it diverging doesn't mean we diverge
@@ -214,7 +224,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
                 self.breakables.push(BreakableContext {
                     may_break: false,
-                    break_ty: Ty::Unknown,
+                    break_ty: self.err_ty(),
                     label: label.map(|label| self.body[label].name.clone()),
                 });
                 let pat_ty =
@@ -249,12 +259,15 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     None => self.table.new_type_var(),
                 };
                 sig_tys.push(ret_ty.clone());
-                let sig_ty = Ty::Function(FnPointer {
+                let sig_ty = TyKind::Function(FnPointer {
                     num_args: sig_tys.len() - 1,
-                    sig: FnSig { variadic: false },
+                    sig: FnSig { abi: (), safety: chalk_ir::Safety::Safe, variadic: false },
                     substs: Substs(sig_tys.clone().into()),
-                });
-                let closure_ty = Ty::Closure(self.owner, tgt_expr, Substs::single(sig_ty));
+                })
+                .intern(&Interner);
+                let closure_id = self.db.intern_closure((self.owner, tgt_expr)).into();
+                let closure_ty =
+                    TyKind::Closure(closure_id, Substs::single(sig_ty)).intern(&Interner);
 
                 // Eagerly try to relate the closure type with the expected
                 // type, otherwise we often won't have enough information to
@@ -295,7 +308,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                             args.len(),
                         )
                     })
-                    .unwrap_or((Vec::new(), Ty::Unknown));
+                    .unwrap_or((Vec::new(), self.err_ty()));
                 self.register_obligations_for_call(&callee_ty);
                 self.check_call_arguments(args, &param_tys);
                 self.normalize_associated_types_in(ret_ty)
@@ -305,8 +318,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             Expr::Match { expr, arms } => {
                 let input_ty = self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
 
-                let mut result_ty =
-                    if arms.is_empty() { Ty::Never } else { self.table.new_type_var() };
+                let mut result_ty = if arms.is_empty() {
+                    TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
+                } else {
+                    self.table.new_type_var()
+                };
 
                 let matchee_diverges = self.diverges;
                 let mut all_arms_diverge = Diverges::Always;
@@ -317,7 +333,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     if let Some(guard_expr) = arm.guard {
                         self.infer_expr(
                             guard_expr,
-                            &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)),
+                            &Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner)),
                         );
                     }
 
@@ -333,9 +349,9 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             Expr::Path(p) => {
                 // FIXME this could be more efficient...
                 let resolver = resolver_for_expr(self.db.upcast(), self.owner, tgt_expr);
-                self.infer_path(&resolver, p, tgt_expr.into()).unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown)
+                self.infer_path(&resolver, p, tgt_expr.into()).unwrap_or(self.err_ty())
             }
-            Expr::Continue { .. } => Ty::Never,
+            Expr::Continue { .. } => TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner),
             Expr::Break { expr, label } => {
                 let val_ty = if let Some(expr) = expr {
                     self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none())
@@ -347,7 +363,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     if let Some(ctxt) = find_breakable(&mut self.breakables, label.as_ref()) {
                         ctxt.break_ty.clone()
                     } else {
-                        Ty::Unknown
+                        self.err_ty()
                     };
 
                 let merged_type = self.coerce_merge_branch(&last_ty, &val_ty);
@@ -360,7 +376,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         expr: tgt_expr,
                     });
                 }
-                Ty::Never
+                TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Return { expr } => {
                 if let Some(expr) = expr {
@@ -369,14 +385,14 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     let unit = Ty::unit();
                     self.coerce(&unit, &self.return_ty.clone());
                 }
-                Ty::Never
+                TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Yield { expr } => {
                 // FIXME: track yield type for coercion
                 if let Some(expr) = expr {
                     self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
                 }
-                Ty::Never
+                TyKind::Never.intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::RecordLit { path, fields, spread } => {
                 let (ty, def_id) = self.resolve_variant(path.as_ref());
@@ -404,8 +420,9 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     if let Some(field_def) = field_def {
                         self.result.record_field_resolutions.insert(field.expr, field_def);
                     }
-                    let field_ty = field_def
-                        .map_or(Ty::Unknown, |it| field_types[it.local_id].clone().subst(&substs));
+                    let field_ty = field_def.map_or(self.err_ty(), |it| {
+                        field_types[it.local_id].clone().subst(&substs)
+                    });
                     self.infer_expr_coerce(field.expr, &Expectation::has_type(field_ty));
                 }
                 if let Some(expr) = spread {
@@ -424,27 +441,33 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         environment: self.trait_env.clone(),
                     },
                 )
-                .find_map(|derefed_ty| match canonicalized.decanonicalize_ty(derefed_ty.value) {
-                    Ty::Tuple(_, substs) => {
-                        name.as_tuple_index().and_then(|idx| substs.0.get(idx).cloned())
-                    }
-                    Ty::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::StructId(s)), parameters) => {
-                        self.db.struct_data(s).variant_data.field(name).map(|local_id| {
-                            let field = FieldId { parent: s.into(), local_id };
-                            self.write_field_resolution(tgt_expr, field);
-                            self.db.field_types(s.into())[field.local_id].clone().subst(&parameters)
-                        })
-                    }
-                    Ty::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::UnionId(u)), parameters) => {
-                        self.db.union_data(u).variant_data.field(name).map(|local_id| {
-                            let field = FieldId { parent: u.into(), local_id };
-                            self.write_field_resolution(tgt_expr, field);
-                            self.db.field_types(u.into())[field.local_id].clone().subst(&parameters)
-                        })
+                .find_map(|derefed_ty| {
+                    match canonicalized.decanonicalize_ty(derefed_ty.value).interned(&Interner) {
+                        TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) => {
+                            name.as_tuple_index().and_then(|idx| substs.0.get(idx).cloned())
+                        }
+                        TyKind::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::StructId(s)), parameters) => {
+                            self.db.struct_data(*s).variant_data.field(name).map(|local_id| {
+                                let field = FieldId { parent: (*s).into(), local_id };
+                                self.write_field_resolution(tgt_expr, field);
+                                self.db.field_types((*s).into())[field.local_id]
+                                    .clone()
+                                    .subst(&parameters)
+                            })
+                        }
+                        TyKind::Adt(AdtId(hir_def::AdtId::UnionId(u)), parameters) => {
+                            self.db.union_data(*u).variant_data.field(name).map(|local_id| {
+                                let field = FieldId { parent: (*u).into(), local_id };
+                                self.write_field_resolution(tgt_expr, field);
+                                self.db.field_types((*u).into())[field.local_id]
+                                    .clone()
+                                    .subst(&parameters)
+                            })
+                        }
+                        _ => None,
                     }
-                    _ => None,
                 })
-                .unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown);
+                .unwrap_or(self.err_ty());
                 let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty);
                 self.normalize_associated_types_in(ty)
             }
@@ -481,9 +504,10 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 };
                 let inner_ty = self.infer_expr_inner(*expr, &expectation);
                 match rawness {
-                    Rawness::RawPtr => Ty::Raw(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty)),
-                    Rawness::Ref => Ty::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty)),
+                    Rawness::RawPtr => TyKind::Raw(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty)),
+                    Rawness::Ref => TyKind::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty)),
                 }
+                .intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Box { expr } => {
                 let inner_ty = self.infer_expr_inner(*expr, &Expectation::none());
@@ -499,7 +523,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     sb = sb.fill(repeat_with(|| self.table.new_type_var()));
                     Ty::adt_ty(box_, sb.build())
                 } else {
-                    Ty::Unknown
+                    self.err_ty()
                 }
             }
             Expr::UnaryOp { expr, op } => {
@@ -519,31 +543,31 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                                 Some(derefed_ty) => {
                                     canonicalized.decanonicalize_ty(derefed_ty.value)
                                 }
-                                None => Ty::Unknown,
+                                None => self.err_ty(),
                             }
                         }
-                        None => Ty::Unknown,
+                        None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
                     UnaryOp::Neg => {
-                        match &inner_ty {
+                        match inner_ty.interned(&Interner) {
                             // Fast path for builtins
-                            Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_))
-                            | Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_))
-                            | Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_))
-                            | Ty::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer)
-                            | Ty::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Float) => inner_ty,
+                            TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_))
+                            | TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_))
+                            | TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_))
+                            | TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer)
+                            | TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Float) => inner_ty,
                             // Otherwise we resolve via the std::ops::Neg trait
                             _ => self
                                 .resolve_associated_type(inner_ty, self.resolve_ops_neg_output()),
                         }
                     }
                     UnaryOp::Not => {
-                        match &inner_ty {
+                        match inner_ty.interned(&Interner) {
                             // Fast path for builtins
-                            Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)
-                            | Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_))
-                            | Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_))
-                            | Ty::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer) => inner_ty,
+                            TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)
+                            | TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_))
+                            | TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_))
+                            | TyKind::InferenceVar(_, TyVariableKind::Integer) => inner_ty,
                             // Otherwise we resolve via the std::ops::Not trait
                             _ => self
                                 .resolve_associated_type(inner_ty, self.resolve_ops_not_output()),
@@ -554,7 +578,9 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             Expr::BinaryOp { lhs, rhs, op } => match op {
                 Some(op) => {
                     let lhs_expectation = match op {
-                        BinaryOp::LogicOp(..) => Expectation::has_type(Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool)),
+                        BinaryOp::LogicOp(..) => {
+                            Expectation::has_type(TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner))
+                        }
                         _ => Expectation::none(),
                     };
                     let lhs_ty = self.infer_expr(*lhs, &lhs_expectation);
@@ -563,7 +589,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
                     let ret = op::binary_op_return_ty(*op, lhs_ty.clone(), rhs_ty.clone());
 
-                    if ret == Ty::Unknown {
+                    if ret.is_unknown() {
                         cov_mark::hit!(infer_expr_inner_binary_operator_overload);
 
                         self.resolve_associated_type_with_params(
@@ -575,7 +601,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         ret
                     }
                 }
-                _ => Ty::Unknown,
+                _ => self.err_ty(),
             },
             Expr::Range { lhs, rhs, range_type } => {
                 let lhs_ty = lhs.map(|e| self.infer_expr_inner(e, &Expectation::none()));
@@ -586,33 +612,33 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 match (range_type, lhs_ty, rhs_ty) {
                     (RangeOp::Exclusive, None, None) => match self.resolve_range_full() {
                         Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::empty()),
-                        None => Ty::Unknown,
+                        None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
                     (RangeOp::Exclusive, None, Some(ty)) => match self.resolve_range_to() {
                         Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::single(ty)),
-                        None => Ty::Unknown,
+                        None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
                     (RangeOp::Inclusive, None, Some(ty)) => {
                         match self.resolve_range_to_inclusive() {
                             Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::single(ty)),
-                            None => Ty::Unknown,
+                            None => self.err_ty(),
                         }
                     }
                     (RangeOp::Exclusive, Some(_), Some(ty)) => match self.resolve_range() {
                         Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::single(ty)),
-                        None => Ty::Unknown,
+                        None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
                     (RangeOp::Inclusive, Some(_), Some(ty)) => {
                         match self.resolve_range_inclusive() {
                             Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::single(ty)),
-                            None => Ty::Unknown,
+                            None => self.err_ty(),
                         }
                     }
                     (RangeOp::Exclusive, Some(ty), None) => match self.resolve_range_from() {
                         Some(adt) => Ty::adt_ty(adt, Substs::single(ty)),
-                        None => Ty::Unknown,
+                        None => self.err_ty(),
                     },
-                    (RangeOp::Inclusive, _, None) => Ty::Unknown,
+                    (RangeOp::Inclusive, _, None) => self.err_ty(),
                 }
             }
             Expr::Index { base, index } => {
@@ -631,19 +657,19 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         index_trait,
                     );
                     let self_ty =
-                        self_ty.map_or(Ty::Unknown, |t| canonicalized.decanonicalize_ty(t.value));
+                        self_ty.map_or(self.err_ty(), |t| canonicalized.decanonicalize_ty(t.value));
                     self.resolve_associated_type_with_params(
                         self_ty,
                         self.resolve_ops_index_output(),
                         &[index_ty],
                     )
                 } else {
-                    Ty::Unknown
+                    self.err_ty()
                 }
             }
             Expr::Tuple { exprs } => {
-                let mut tys = match &expected.ty {
-                    Ty::Tuple(_, substs) => substs
+                let mut tys = match expected.ty.interned(&Interner) {
+                    TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) => substs
                         .iter()
                         .cloned()
                         .chain(repeat_with(|| self.table.new_type_var()))
@@ -656,11 +682,11 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     self.infer_expr_coerce(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(ty.clone()));
                 }
 
-                Ty::Tuple(tys.len(), Substs(tys.into()))
+                TyKind::Tuple(tys.len(), Substs(tys.into())).intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Array(array) => {
-                let elem_ty = match &expected.ty {
-                    Ty::Array(st) | Ty::Slice(st) => st.as_single().clone(),
+                let elem_ty = match expected.ty.interned(&Interner) {
+                    TyKind::Array(st) | TyKind::Slice(st) => st.as_single().clone(),
                     _ => self.table.new_type_var(),
                 };
 
@@ -677,43 +703,51 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         );
                         self.infer_expr(
                             *repeat,
-                            &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::Usize))),
+                            &Expectation::has_type(
+                                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::Usize)).intern(&Interner),
+                            ),
                         );
                     }
                 }
 
-                Ty::Array(Substs::single(elem_ty))
+                TyKind::Array(Substs::single(elem_ty)).intern(&Interner)
             }
             Expr::Literal(lit) => match lit {
-                Literal::Bool(..) => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool),
-                Literal::String(..) => Ty::Ref(Mutability::Not, Substs::single(Ty::Str)),
+                Literal::Bool(..) => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner),
+                Literal::String(..) => {
+                    TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, Substs::single(TyKind::Str.intern(&Interner)))
+                        .intern(&Interner)
+                }
                 Literal::ByteString(..) => {
-                    let byte_type = Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::U8));
-                    let array_type = Ty::Array(Substs::single(byte_type));
-                    Ty::Ref(Mutability::Not, Substs::single(array_type))
+                    let byte_type = TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(UintTy::U8)).intern(&Interner);
+                    let array_type = TyKind::Array(Substs::single(byte_type)).intern(&Interner);
+                    TyKind::Ref(Mutability::Not, Substs::single(array_type)).intern(&Interner)
                 }
-                Literal::Char(..) => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Char),
+                Literal::Char(..) => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Char).intern(&Interner),
                 Literal::Int(_v, ty) => match ty {
                     Some(int_ty) => {
-                        Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(primitive::int_ty_from_builtin(*int_ty)))
+                        TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(primitive::int_ty_from_builtin(*int_ty)))
+                            .intern(&Interner)
                     }
                     None => self.table.new_integer_var(),
                 },
                 Literal::Uint(_v, ty) => match ty {
                     Some(int_ty) => {
-                        Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(primitive::uint_ty_from_builtin(*int_ty)))
+                        TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(primitive::uint_ty_from_builtin(*int_ty)))
+                            .intern(&Interner)
                     }
                     None => self.table.new_integer_var(),
                 },
                 Literal::Float(_v, ty) => match ty {
                     Some(float_ty) => {
-                        Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(primitive::float_ty_from_builtin(*float_ty)))
+                        TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(primitive::float_ty_from_builtin(*float_ty)))
+                            .intern(&Interner)
                     }
                     None => self.table.new_float_var(),
                 },
             },
         };
-        // use a new type variable if we got Ty::Unknown here
+        // use a new type variable if we got unknown here
         let ty = self.insert_type_vars_shallow(ty);
         let ty = self.resolve_ty_as_possible(ty);
         self.write_expr_ty(tgt_expr, ty.clone());
@@ -730,7 +764,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             match stmt {
                 Statement::Let { pat, type_ref, initializer } => {
                     let decl_ty =
-                        type_ref.as_ref().map(|tr| self.make_ty(tr)).unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown);
+                        type_ref.as_ref().map(|tr| self.make_ty(tr)).unwrap_or(self.err_ty());
 
                     // Always use the declared type when specified
                     let mut ty = decl_ty.clone();
@@ -738,7 +772,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     if let Some(expr) = initializer {
                         let actual_ty =
                             self.infer_expr_coerce(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(decl_ty.clone()));
-                        if decl_ty == Ty::Unknown {
+                        if decl_ty.is_unknown() {
                             ty = actual_ty;
                         }
                     }
@@ -802,7 +836,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 self.write_method_resolution(tgt_expr, func);
                 (ty, self.db.value_ty(func.into()), Some(generics(self.db.upcast(), func.into())))
             }
-            None => (receiver_ty, Binders::new(0, Ty::Unknown), None),
+            None => (receiver_ty, Binders::new(0, self.err_ty()), None),
         };
         let substs = self.substs_for_method_call(def_generics, generic_args, &derefed_receiver_ty);
         let method_ty = method_ty.subst(&substs);
@@ -813,15 +847,17 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 if !sig.params().is_empty() {
                     (sig.params()[0].clone(), sig.params()[1..].to_vec(), sig.ret().clone())
                 } else {
-                    (Ty::Unknown, Vec::new(), sig.ret().clone())
+                    (self.err_ty(), Vec::new(), sig.ret().clone())
                 }
             }
-            None => (Ty::Unknown, Vec::new(), Ty::Unknown),
+            None => (self.err_ty(), Vec::new(), self.err_ty()),
         };
         // Apply autoref so the below unification works correctly
         // FIXME: return correct autorefs from lookup_method
         let actual_receiver_ty = match expected_receiver_ty.as_reference() {
-            Some((_, mutability)) => Ty::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(derefed_receiver_ty)),
+            Some((_, mutability)) => {
+                TyKind::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(derefed_receiver_ty)).intern(&Interner)
+            }
             _ => derefed_receiver_ty,
         };
         self.unify(&expected_receiver_ty, &actual_receiver_ty);
@@ -837,7 +873,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         // that we have more information about the types of arguments when we
         // type-check the functions. This isn't really the right way to do this.
         for &check_closures in &[false, true] {
-            let param_iter = param_tys.iter().cloned().chain(repeat(Ty::Unknown));
+            let param_iter = param_tys.iter().cloned().chain(repeat(self.err_ty()));
             for (&arg, param_ty) in args.iter().zip(param_iter) {
                 let is_closure = matches!(&self.body[arg], Expr::Lambda { .. });
                 if is_closure != check_closures {
@@ -867,7 +903,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 if param.provenance == hir_def::generics::TypeParamProvenance::TraitSelf {
                     substs.push(receiver_ty.clone());
                 } else {
-                    substs.push(Ty::Unknown);
+                    substs.push(self.err_ty());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -891,14 +927,15 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         };
         let supplied_params = substs.len();
         for _ in supplied_params..total_len {
-            substs.push(Ty::Unknown);
+            substs.push(self.err_ty());
         }
         assert_eq!(substs.len(), total_len);
         Substs(substs.into())
     }
 
     fn register_obligations_for_call(&mut self, callable_ty: &Ty) {
-        if let &Ty::FnDef(def, ref parameters) = callable_ty {
+        if let TyKind::FnDef(fn_def, parameters) = callable_ty.interned(&Interner) {
+            let def: CallableDefId = from_chalk(self.db, *fn_def);
             let generic_predicates = self.db.generic_predicates(def.into());
             for predicate in generic_predicates.iter() {
                 let predicate = predicate.clone().subst(parameters);
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs
index a0ac8d80f..a16755cda 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/pat.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use hir_def::{
 use hir_expand::name::Name;
 
 use super::{BindingMode, Expectation, InferenceContext};
-use crate::{lower::lower_to_chalk_mutability, utils::variant_data, Substs, Ty};
+use crate::{lower::lower_to_chalk_mutability, utils::variant_data, Interner, Substs, Ty, TyKind};
 
 impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
     fn infer_tuple_struct_pat(
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             let expected_ty = var_data
                 .as_ref()
                 .and_then(|d| d.field(&Name::new_tuple_field(i)))
-                .map_or(Ty::Unknown, |field| field_tys[field].clone().subst(&substs));
+                .map_or(self.err_ty(), |field| field_tys[field].clone().subst(&substs));
             let expected_ty = self.normalize_associated_types_in(expected_ty);
             self.infer_pat(subpat, &expected_ty, default_bm);
         }
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 self.result.record_pat_field_resolutions.insert(subpat.pat, field_def);
             }
 
-            let expected_ty =
-                matching_field.map_or(Ty::Unknown, |field| field_tys[field].clone().subst(&substs));
+            let expected_ty = matching_field
+                .map_or(self.err_ty(), |field| field_tys[field].clone().subst(&substs));
             let expected_ty = self.normalize_associated_types_in(expected_ty);
             self.infer_pat(subpat.pat, &expected_ty, default_bm);
         }
@@ -129,7 +129,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     None => (&args[..], &[][..]),
                 };
                 let n_uncovered_patterns = expectations.len().saturating_sub(args.len());
-                let mut expectations_iter = expectations.iter().chain(repeat(&Ty::Unknown));
+                let err_ty = self.err_ty();
+                let mut expectations_iter = expectations.iter().chain(repeat(&err_ty));
                 let mut infer_pat = |(&pat, ty)| self.infer_pat(pat, ty, default_bm);
 
                 let mut inner_tys = Vec::with_capacity(n_uncovered_patterns + args.len());
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 inner_tys.extend(expectations_iter.by_ref().take(n_uncovered_patterns).cloned());
                 inner_tys.extend(post.iter().zip(expectations_iter).map(infer_pat));
 
-                Ty::Tuple(inner_tys.len(), Substs(inner_tys.into()))
+                TyKind::Tuple(inner_tys.len(), Substs(inner_tys.into())).intern(&Interner)
             }
             Pat::Or(ref pats) => {
                 if let Some((first_pat, rest)) = pats.split_first() {
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                     }
                     ty
                 } else {
-                    Ty::Unknown
+                    self.err_ty()
                 }
             }
             Pat::Ref { pat, mutability } => {
@@ -159,10 +160,10 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                         }
                         inner_ty
                     }
-                    _ => &Ty::Unknown,
+                    _ => &Ty(TyKind::Unknown),
                 };
                 let subty = self.infer_pat(*pat, expectation, default_bm);
-                Ty::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(subty))
+                TyKind::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(subty)).intern(&Interner)
             }
             Pat::TupleStruct { path: p, args: subpats, ellipsis } => self.infer_tuple_struct_pat(
                 p.as_ref(),
@@ -178,7 +179,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             Pat::Path(path) => {
                 // FIXME use correct resolver for the surrounding expression
                 let resolver = self.resolver.clone();
-                self.infer_path(&resolver, &path, pat.into()).unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown)
+                self.infer_path(&resolver, &path, pat.into()).unwrap_or(self.err_ty())
             }
             Pat::Bind { mode, name: _, subpat } => {
                 let mode = if mode == &BindingAnnotation::Unannotated {
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
 
                 let bound_ty = match mode {
                     BindingMode::Ref(mutability) => {
-                        Ty::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty.clone()))
+                        TyKind::Ref(mutability, Substs::single(inner_ty.clone())).intern(&Interner)
                     }
                     BindingMode::Move => inner_ty.clone(),
                 };
@@ -204,17 +205,17 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 return inner_ty;
             }
             Pat::Slice { prefix, slice, suffix } => {
-                let (container_ty, elem_ty): (fn(_) -> _, _) = match &expected {
-                    Ty::Array(st) => (Ty::Array, st.as_single().clone()),
-                    Ty::Slice(st) => (Ty::Slice, st.as_single().clone()),
-                    _ => (Ty::Slice, Ty::Unknown),
+                let (container_ty, elem_ty): (fn(_) -> _, _) = match expected.interned(&Interner) {
+                    TyKind::Array(st) => (TyKind::Array, st.as_single().clone()),
+                    TyKind::Slice(st) => (TyKind::Slice, st.as_single().clone()),
+                    _ => (TyKind::Slice, self.err_ty()),
                 };
 
                 for pat_id in prefix.iter().chain(suffix) {
                     self.infer_pat(*pat_id, &elem_ty, default_bm);
                 }
 
-                let pat_ty = container_ty(Substs::single(elem_ty));
+                let pat_ty = container_ty(Substs::single(elem_ty)).intern(&Interner);
                 if let Some(slice_pat_id) = slice {
                     self.infer_pat(*slice_pat_id, &pat_ty, default_bm);
                 }
@@ -232,20 +233,20 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 Some(box_adt) => {
                     let inner_expected = match expected.as_adt() {
                         Some((adt, substs)) if adt == box_adt => substs.as_single(),
-                        _ => &Ty::Unknown,
+                        _ => &Ty(TyKind::Unknown),
                     };
 
                     let inner_ty = self.infer_pat(*inner, inner_expected, default_bm);
                     Ty::adt_ty(box_adt, Substs::single(inner_ty))
                 }
-                None => Ty::Unknown,
+                None => self.err_ty(),
             },
             Pat::ConstBlock(expr) => {
                 self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(expected.clone()))
             }
-            Pat::Missing => Ty::Unknown,
+            Pat::Missing => self.err_ty(),
         };
-        // use a new type variable if we got Ty::Unknown here
+        // use a new type variable if we got error type here
         let ty = self.insert_type_vars_shallow(ty);
         if !self.unify(&ty, expected) {
             // FIXME record mismatch, we need to change the type of self.type_mismatches for that
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs
index ae3554bac..af108fb6c 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/path.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use hir_def::{
 };
 use hir_expand::name::Name;
 
-use crate::{method_resolution, Substs, Ty, ValueTyDefId};
+use crate::{method_resolution, Interner, Substs, Ty, TyKind, ValueTyDefId};
 
 use super::{ExprOrPatId, InferenceContext, TraitRef};
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             let ty = self.make_ty(type_ref);
             let remaining_segments_for_ty = path.segments().take(path.segments().len() - 1);
             let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &resolver);
-            let (ty, _) = Ty::from_type_relative_path(&ctx, ty, None, remaining_segments_for_ty);
+            let (ty, _) = ctx.lower_ty_relative_path(ty, None, remaining_segments_for_ty);
             self.resolve_ty_assoc_item(
                 ty,
                 &path.segments().last().expect("path had at least one segment").name,
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
             }
             ValueNs::ImplSelf(impl_id) => {
                 let generics = crate::utils::generics(self.db.upcast(), impl_id.into());
-                let substs = Substs::type_params_for_generics(&generics);
+                let substs = Substs::type_params_for_generics(self.db, &generics);
                 let ty = self.db.impl_self_ty(impl_id).subst(&substs);
                 if let Some((AdtId::StructId(struct_id), substs)) = ty.as_adt() {
                     let ty = self.db.value_ty(struct_id.into()).subst(&substs);
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         // self_subst is just for the parent
         let parent_substs = self_subst.unwrap_or_else(Substs::empty);
         let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &self.resolver);
-        let substs = Ty::substs_from_path(&ctx, path, typable, true);
+        let substs = ctx.substs_from_path(path, typable, true);
         let full_substs = Substs::builder(substs.len())
             .use_parent_substs(&parent_substs)
             .fill(substs.0[parent_substs.len()..].iter().cloned())
@@ -126,7 +126,8 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let segment =
                     remaining_segments.last().expect("there should be at least one segment here");
                 let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &self.resolver);
-                let trait_ref = TraitRef::from_resolved_path(&ctx, trait_, resolved_segment, None);
+                let trait_ref =
+                    ctx.lower_trait_ref_from_resolved_path(trait_, resolved_segment, None);
                 self.resolve_trait_assoc_item(trait_ref, segment, id)
             }
             (def, _) => {
@@ -137,14 +138,13 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
                 let remaining_segments_for_ty =
                     remaining_segments.take(remaining_segments.len() - 1);
                 let ctx = crate::lower::TyLoweringContext::new(self.db, &self.resolver);
-                let (ty, _) = Ty::from_partly_resolved_hir_path(
-                    &ctx,
+                let (ty, _) = ctx.lower_partly_resolved_path(
                     def,
                     resolved_segment,
                     remaining_segments_for_ty,
                     true,
                 );
-                if let Ty::Unknown = ty {
+                if let TyKind::Unknown = ty.interned(&Interner) {
                     return None;
                 }
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
         name: &Name,
         id: ExprOrPatId,
     ) -> Option<(ValueNs, Option<Substs>)> {
-        if let Ty::Unknown = ty {
+        if let TyKind::Unknown = ty.interned(&Interner) {
             return None;
         }
 
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs
index 54fcfed10..ebc612ca9 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/infer/unify.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use ena::unify::{InPlaceUnificationTable, NoError, UnifyKey, UnifyValue};
 
 use super::{InferenceContext, Obligation};
 use crate::{
-    BoundVar, Canonical, DebruijnIndex, GenericPredicate, InEnvironment, InferenceVar, Scalar,
-    Substs, Ty, TypeWalk,
+    BoundVar, Canonical, DebruijnIndex, GenericPredicate, InEnvironment, InferenceVar, Interner,
+    Scalar, Substs, Ty, TyKind, TypeWalk,
 };
 
 impl<'a> InferenceContext<'a> {
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Canonicalizer<'a, 'b> {
 
     fn do_canonicalize<T: TypeWalk>(&mut self, t: T, binders: DebruijnIndex) -> T {
         t.fold_binders(
-            &mut |ty, binders| match ty {
-                Ty::InferenceVar(var, kind) => {
+            &mut |ty, binders| match ty.interned(&Interner) {
+                &TyKind::InferenceVar(var, kind) => {
                     let inner = var.to_inner();
                     if self.var_stack.contains(&inner) {
                         // recursive type
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> Canonicalizer<'a, 'b> {
                     } else {
                         let root = self.ctx.table.var_unification_table.find(inner);
                         let position = self.add(InferenceVar::from_inner(root), kind);
-                        Ty::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(binders, position))
+                        TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(binders, position)).intern(&Interner)
                     }
                 }
                 _ => ty,
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ impl<T> Canonicalized<T> {
     pub(super) fn decanonicalize_ty(&self, mut ty: Ty) -> Ty {
         ty.walk_mut_binders(
             &mut |ty, binders| {
-                if let &mut Ty::BoundVar(bound) = ty {
+                if let &mut TyKind::BoundVar(bound) = &mut ty.0 {
                     if bound.debruijn >= binders {
                         let (v, k) = self.free_vars[bound.index];
-                        *ty = Ty::InferenceVar(v, k);
+                        *ty = TyKind::InferenceVar(v, k).intern(&Interner);
                     }
                 }
             },
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl<T> Canonicalized<T> {
             // eagerly replace projections in the type; we may be getting types
             // e.g. from where clauses where this hasn't happened yet
             let ty = ctx.normalize_associated_types_in(ty.clone().subst_bound_vars(&new_vars));
-            ctx.table.unify(&Ty::InferenceVar(v, k), &ty);
+            ctx.table.unify(&TyKind::InferenceVar(v, k).intern(&Interner), &ty);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -166,7 +166,10 @@ pub(crate) fn unify(tys: &Canonical<(Ty, Ty)>) -> Option<Substs> {
     // (kind of hacky)
     for (i, var) in vars.iter().enumerate() {
         if &*table.resolve_ty_shallow(var) == var {
-            table.unify(var, &Ty::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, i)));
+            table.unify(
+                var,
+                &TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST, i)).intern(&Interner),
+            );
         }
     }
     Some(
@@ -196,11 +199,12 @@ impl TypeVariableTable {
 
     fn fallback_value(&self, iv: InferenceVar, kind: TyVariableKind) -> Ty {
         match kind {
-            _ if self.inner[iv.to_inner().0 as usize].diverging => Ty::Never,
-            TyVariableKind::General => Ty::Unknown,
-            TyVariableKind::Integer => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(IntTy::I32)),
-            TyVariableKind::Float => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(FloatTy::F64)),
+            _ if self.inner[iv.to_inner().0 as usize].diverging => TyKind::Never,
+            TyVariableKind::General => TyKind::Unknown,
+            TyVariableKind::Integer => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(IntTy::I32)),
+            TyVariableKind::Float => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(FloatTy::F64)),
         }
+        .intern(&Interner)
     }
 }
 
@@ -227,7 +231,7 @@ impl InferenceTable {
         self.type_variable_table.push(TypeVariableData { diverging });
         let key = self.var_unification_table.new_key(TypeVarValue::Unknown);
         assert_eq!(key.0 as usize, self.type_variable_table.inner.len() - 1);
-        Ty::InferenceVar(InferenceVar::from_inner(key), kind)
+        TyKind::InferenceVar(InferenceVar::from_inner(key), kind).intern(&Interner)
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn new_type_var(&mut self) -> Ty {
@@ -290,12 +294,12 @@ impl InferenceTable {
     }
 
     pub(super) fn unify_inner_trivial(&mut self, ty1: &Ty, ty2: &Ty, depth: usize) -> bool {
-        match (ty1, ty2) {
-            (Ty::Unknown, _) | (_, Ty::Unknown) => true,
+        match (ty1.interned(&Interner), ty2.interned(&Interner)) {
+            (TyKind::Unknown, _) | (_, TyKind::Unknown) => true,
 
-            (Ty::Placeholder(p1), Ty::Placeholder(p2)) if *p1 == *p2 => true,
+            (TyKind::Placeholder(p1), TyKind::Placeholder(p2)) if *p1 == *p2 => true,
 
-            (Ty::Dyn(dyn1), Ty::Dyn(dyn2)) if dyn1.len() == dyn2.len() => {
+            (TyKind::Dyn(dyn1), TyKind::Dyn(dyn2)) if dyn1.len() == dyn2.len() => {
                 for (pred1, pred2) in dyn1.iter().zip(dyn2.iter()) {
                     if !self.unify_preds(pred1, pred2, depth + 1) {
                         return false;
@@ -305,16 +309,16 @@ impl InferenceTable {
             }
 
             (
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::General),
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::General),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::General),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::General),
             )
             | (
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::Integer),
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::Integer),
             )
             | (
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::Float),
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::Float),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv1, TyVariableKind::Float),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv2, TyVariableKind::Float),
             ) if self.type_variable_table.is_diverging(*tv1)
                 == self.type_variable_table.is_diverging(*tv2) =>
             {
@@ -326,24 +330,37 @@ impl InferenceTable {
             // The order of MaybeNeverTypeVar matters here.
             // Unifying MaybeNeverTypeVar and TypeVar will let the latter become MaybeNeverTypeVar.
             // Unifying MaybeNeverTypeVar and other concrete type will let the former become it.
-            (Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General), other)
-            | (other, Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General))
-            | (Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer), other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_)))
-            | (other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_)), Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer))
+            (TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General), other)
+            | (other, TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::General))
             | (
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
-                other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_)),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_)),
             )
             | (
-                other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_)),
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(_)),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
             )
-            | (Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Float), other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_)))
-            | (other @ Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_)), Ty::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Float)) =>
-            {
+            | (
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_)),
+            )
+            | (
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(_)),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Integer),
+            )
+            | (
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Float),
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_)),
+            )
+            | (
+                other @ TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(_)),
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, TyVariableKind::Float),
+            ) => {
                 // the type var is unknown since we tried to resolve it
-                self.var_unification_table
-                    .union_value(tv.to_inner(), TypeVarValue::Known(other.clone()));
+                self.var_unification_table.union_value(
+                    tv.to_inner(),
+                    TypeVarValue::Known(other.clone().intern(&Interner)),
+                );
                 true
             }
 
@@ -364,11 +381,11 @@ impl InferenceTable {
                 self.unify_substs(&tr1.substs, &tr2.substs, depth + 1)
             }
             (GenericPredicate::Projection(proj1), GenericPredicate::Projection(proj2))
-                if proj1.projection_ty.associated_ty == proj2.projection_ty.associated_ty =>
+                if proj1.projection_ty.associated_ty_id == proj2.projection_ty.associated_ty_id =>
             {
                 self.unify_substs(
-                    &proj1.projection_ty.parameters,
-                    &proj2.projection_ty.parameters,
+                    &proj1.projection_ty.substitution,
+                    &proj2.projection_ty.substitution,
                     depth + 1,
                 ) && self.unify_inner(&proj1.ty, &proj2.ty, depth + 1)
             }
@@ -387,8 +404,8 @@ impl InferenceTable {
             if i > 0 {
                 cov_mark::hit!(type_var_resolves_to_int_var);
             }
-            match &*ty {
-                Ty::InferenceVar(tv, _) => {
+            match &ty.0 {
+                TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, _) => {
                     let inner = tv.to_inner();
                     match self.var_unification_table.inlined_probe_value(inner).known() {
                         Some(known_ty) => {
@@ -410,8 +427,8 @@ impl InferenceTable {
     /// be resolved as far as possible, i.e. contain no type variables with
     /// known type.
     fn resolve_ty_as_possible_inner(&mut self, tv_stack: &mut Vec<TypeVarId>, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
-        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty {
-            Ty::InferenceVar(tv, kind) => {
+        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty.interned(&Interner) {
+            &TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, kind) => {
                 let inner = tv.to_inner();
                 if tv_stack.contains(&inner) {
                     cov_mark::hit!(type_var_cycles_resolve_as_possible);
@@ -435,10 +452,10 @@ impl InferenceTable {
     }
 
     /// Resolves the type completely; type variables without known type are
-    /// replaced by Ty::Unknown.
+    /// replaced by TyKind::Unknown.
     fn resolve_ty_completely_inner(&mut self, tv_stack: &mut Vec<TypeVarId>, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
-        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty {
-            Ty::InferenceVar(tv, kind) => {
+        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty.interned(&Interner) {
+            &TyKind::InferenceVar(tv, kind) => {
                 let inner = tv.to_inner();
                 if tv_stack.contains(&inner) {
                     cov_mark::hit!(type_var_cycles_resolve_completely);
diff --git a/crates/hir_ty/src/lib.rs b/crates/hir_ty/src/lib.rs
index e77f24e4e..484652073 100644
--- a/crates/hir_ty/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/hir_ty/src/lib.rs
@@ -27,9 +27,8 @@ use std::{iter, mem, ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
 
 use base_db::salsa;
 use hir_def::{
-    builtin_type::BuiltinType, expr::ExprId, type_ref::Rawness, AssocContainerId, DefWithBodyId,
-    FunctionId, GenericDefId, HasModule, LifetimeParamId, Lookup, TraitId, TypeAliasId,
-    TypeParamId,
+    builtin_type::BuiltinType, expr::ExprId, type_ref::Rawness, AssocContainerId, FunctionId,
+    GenericDefId, HasModule, LifetimeParamId, Lookup, TraitId, TypeAliasId, TypeParamId,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 
@@ -47,9 +46,16 @@ pub use lower::{
 };
 pub use traits::{InEnvironment, Obligation, ProjectionPredicate, TraitEnvironment};
 
-pub use chalk_ir::{AdtId, BoundVar, DebruijnIndex, Mutability, Scalar, TyVariableKind};
+pub use chalk_ir::{AdtId, BoundVar, DebruijnIndex, Mutability, Safety, Scalar, TyVariableKind};
 
-pub(crate) use crate::traits::chalk::Interner;
+pub use crate::traits::chalk::Interner;
+
+pub type ForeignDefId = chalk_ir::ForeignDefId<Interner>;
+pub type AssocTypeId = chalk_ir::AssocTypeId<Interner>;
+pub type FnDefId = chalk_ir::FnDefId<Interner>;
+pub type ClosureId = chalk_ir::ClosureId<Interner>;
+pub type OpaqueTyId = chalk_ir::OpaqueTyId<Interner>;
+pub type PlaceholderIndex = chalk_ir::PlaceholderIndex;
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Hash)]
 pub enum Lifetime {
@@ -60,7 +66,7 @@ pub enum Lifetime {
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Hash)]
 pub struct OpaqueTy {
     pub opaque_ty_id: OpaqueTyId,
-    pub parameters: Substs,
+    pub substitution: Substs,
 }
 
 /// A "projection" type corresponds to an (unnormalized)
@@ -68,17 +74,17 @@ pub struct OpaqueTy {
 /// trait and all its parameters are fully known.
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Hash)]
 pub struct ProjectionTy {
-    pub associated_ty: TypeAliasId,
-    pub parameters: Substs,
+    pub associated_ty_id: AssocTypeId,
+    pub substitution: Substs,
 }
 
 impl ProjectionTy {
     pub fn trait_ref(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> TraitRef {
-        TraitRef { trait_: self.trait_(db), substs: self.parameters.clone() }
+        TraitRef { trait_: self.trait_(db), substs: self.substitution.clone() }
     }
 
     fn trait_(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> TraitId {
-        match self.associated_ty.lookup(db.upcast()).container {
+        match from_assoc_type_id(self.associated_ty_id).lookup(db.upcast()).container {
             AssocContainerId::TraitId(it) => it,
             _ => panic!("projection ty without parent trait"),
         }
@@ -87,7 +93,7 @@ impl ProjectionTy {
 
 impl TypeWalk for ProjectionTy {
     fn walk(&self, f: &mut impl FnMut(&Ty)) {
-        self.parameters.walk(f);
+        self.substitution.walk(f);
     }
 
     fn walk_mut_binders(
@@ -95,14 +101,11 @@ impl TypeWalk for ProjectionTy {
         f: &mut impl FnMut(&mut Ty, DebruijnIndex),
         binders: DebruijnIndex,
     ) {
-        self.parameters.walk_mut_binders(f, binders);
+        self.substitution.walk_mut_binders(f, binders);
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Hash)]
-pub struct FnSig {
-    pub variadic: bool,
-}
+pub type FnSig = chalk_ir::FnSig<Interner>;
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Hash)]
 pub struct FnPointer {
@@ -131,7 +134,7 @@ pub enum AliasTy {
 ///
 /// This should be cheap to clone.
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Hash)]
-pub enum Ty {
+pub enum TyKind {
     /// Structures, enumerations and unions.
     Adt(AdtId<Interner>, Substs),
 
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@ pub enum Ty {
     /// when we have tried to normalize a projection like `T::Item` but
     /// couldn't find a better representation.  In that case, we generate
     /// an **application type** like `(Iterator::Item)<T>`.
-    AssociatedType(TypeAliasId, Substs),
+    AssociatedType(AssocTypeId, Substs),
 
     /// a scalar type like `bool` or `u32`
     Scalar(Scalar),
@@ -179,7 +182,7 @@ pub enum Ty {
     /// fn foo() -> i32 { 1 }
     /// let bar = foo; // bar: fn() -> i32 {foo}
     /// ```
-    FnDef(CallableDefId, Substs),
+    FnDef(FnDefId, Substs),
 
     /// The pointee of a string slice. Written as `str`.
     Str,
@@ -191,10 +194,10 @@ pub enum Ty {
     ///
     /// The closure signature is stored in a `FnPtr` type in the first type
     /// parameter.
-    Closure(DefWithBodyId, ExprId, Substs),
+    Closure(ClosureId, Substs),
 
     /// Represents a foreign type declared in external blocks.
-    ForeignType(TypeAliasId),
+    ForeignType(ForeignDefId),
 
     /// A pointer to a function.  Written as `fn() -> i32`.
     ///
@@ -216,7 +219,7 @@ pub enum Ty {
     /// {}` when we're type-checking the body of that function. In this
     /// situation, we know this stands for *some* type, but don't know the exact
     /// type.
-    Placeholder(TypeParamId),
+    Placeholder(PlaceholderIndex),
 
     /// A bound type variable. This is used in various places: when representing
     /// some polymorphic type like the type of function `fn f<T>`, the type
@@ -244,6 +247,21 @@ pub enum Ty {
     Unknown,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Hash)]
+pub struct Ty(TyKind);
+
+impl TyKind {
+    pub fn intern(self, _interner: &Interner) -> Ty {
+        Ty(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ty {
+    pub fn interned(&self, _interner: &Interner) -> &TyKind {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
 /// A list of substitutions for generic parameters.
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Hash)]
 pub struct Substs(Arc<[Ty]>);
@@ -291,14 +309,22 @@ impl Substs {
     }
 
     /// Return Substs that replace each parameter by itself (i.e. `Ty::Param`).
-    pub(crate) fn type_params_for_generics(generic_params: &Generics) -> Substs {
-        Substs(generic_params.iter().map(|(id, _)| Ty::Placeholder(id)).collect())
+    pub(crate) fn type_params_for_generics(
+        db: &dyn HirDatabase,
+        generic_params: &Generics,
+    ) -> Substs {
+        Substs(
+            generic_params
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(id, _)| TyKind::Placeholder(to_placeholder_idx(db, id)).intern(&Interner))
+                .collect(),
+        )
     }
 
     /// Return Substs that replace each parameter by itself (i.e. `Ty::Param`).
     pub fn type_params(db: &dyn HirDatabase, def: impl Into<GenericDefId>) -> Substs {
         let params = generics(db.upcast(), def.into());
-        Substs::type_params_for_generics(&params)
+        Substs::type_params_for_generics(db, &params)
     }
 
     /// Return Substs that replace each parameter by a bound variable.
@@ -307,7 +333,7 @@ impl Substs {
             generic_params
                 .iter()
                 .enumerate()
-                .map(|(idx, _)| Ty::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(debruijn, idx)))
+                .map(|(idx, _)| TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(debruijn, idx)).intern(&Interner))
                 .collect(),
         )
     }
@@ -355,11 +381,14 @@ impl SubstsBuilder {
     }
 
     pub fn fill_with_bound_vars(self, debruijn: DebruijnIndex, starting_from: usize) -> Self {
-        self.fill((starting_from..).map(|idx| Ty::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(debruijn, idx))))
+        self.fill(
+            (starting_from..)
+                .map(|idx| TyKind::BoundVar(BoundVar::new(debruijn, idx)).intern(&Interner)),
+        )
     }
 
     pub fn fill_with_unknown(self) -> Self {
-        self.fill(iter::repeat(Ty::Unknown))
+        self.fill(iter::repeat(TyKind::Unknown.intern(&Interner)))
     }
 
     pub fn fill(mut self, filler: impl Iterator<Item = Ty>) -> Self {
@@ -601,45 +630,52 @@ impl TypeWalk for CallableSig {
 
 impl Ty {
     pub fn unit() -> Self {
-        Ty::Tuple(0, Substs::empty())
+        TyKind::Tuple(0, Substs::empty()).intern(&Interner)
     }
 
     pub fn adt_ty(adt: hir_def::AdtId, substs: Substs) -> Ty {
-        Ty::Adt(AdtId(adt), substs)
+        TyKind::Adt(AdtId(adt), substs).intern(&Interner)
     }
 
     pub fn fn_ptr(sig: CallableSig) -> Self {
-        Ty::Function(FnPointer {
+        TyKind::Function(FnPointer {
             num_args: sig.params().len(),
-            sig: FnSig { variadic: sig.is_varargs },
+            sig: FnSig { abi: (), safety: Safety::Safe, variadic: sig.is_varargs },
             substs: Substs(sig.params_and_return),
         })
+        .intern(&Interner)
     }
 
     pub fn builtin(builtin: BuiltinType) -> Self {
         match builtin {
-            BuiltinType::Char => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Char),
-            BuiltinType::Bool => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Bool),
-            BuiltinType::Str => Ty::Str,
-            BuiltinType::Int(t) => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Int(primitive::int_ty_from_builtin(t))),
-            BuiltinType::Uint(t) => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(primitive::uint_ty_from_builtin(t))),
-            BuiltinType::Float(t) => Ty::Scalar(Scalar::Float(primitive::float_ty_from_builtin(t))),
+            BuiltinType::Char => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Char).intern(&Interner),
+            BuiltinType::Bool => TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Bool).intern(&Interner),
+            BuiltinType::Str => TyKind::Str.intern(&Interner),
+            BuiltinType::Int(t) => {
+                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Int(primitive::int_ty_from_builtin(t))).intern(&Interner)
+            }
+            BuiltinType::Uint(t) => {
+                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Uint(primitive::uint_ty_from_builtin(t))).intern(&Interner)
+            }
+            BuiltinType::Float(t) => {
+                TyKind::Scalar(Scalar::Float(primitive::float_ty_from_builtin(t))).intern(&Interner)
+            }
         }
     }
 
     pub fn as_reference(&self) -> Option<(&Ty, Mutability)> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::Ref(mutability, parameters) => Some((parameters.as_single(), *mutability)),
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Ref(mutability, parameters) => Some((parameters.as_single(), *mutability)),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
     pub fn as_reference_or_ptr(&self) -> Option<(&Ty, Rawness, Mutability)> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::Ref(mutability, parameters) => {
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Ref(mutability, parameters) => {
                 Some((parameters.as_single(), Rawness::Ref, *mutability))
             }
-            Ty::Raw(mutability, parameters) => {
+            TyKind::Raw(mutability, parameters) => {
                 Some((parameters.as_single(), Rawness::RawPtr, *mutability))
             }
             _ => None,
@@ -649,7 +685,7 @@ impl Ty {
     pub fn strip_references(&self) -> &Ty {
         let mut t: &Ty = self;
 
-        while let Ty::Ref(_mutability, parameters) = t {
+        while let TyKind::Ref(_mutability, parameters) = t.interned(&Interner) {
             t = parameters.as_single();
         }
 
@@ -657,65 +693,71 @@ impl Ty {
     }
 
     pub fn as_adt(&self) -> Option<(hir_def::AdtId, &Substs)> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::Adt(AdtId(adt), parameters) => Some((*adt, parameters)),
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Adt(AdtId(adt), parameters) => Some((*adt, parameters)),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
     pub fn as_tuple(&self) -> Option<&Substs> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::Tuple(_, substs) => Some(substs),
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Tuple(_, substs) => Some(substs),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_generic_def(&self) -> Option<GenericDefId> {
-        match *self {
-            Ty::Adt(AdtId(adt), ..) => Some(adt.into()),
-            Ty::FnDef(callable, ..) => Some(callable.into()),
-            Ty::AssociatedType(type_alias, ..) => Some(type_alias.into()),
-            Ty::ForeignType(type_alias, ..) => Some(type_alias.into()),
+    pub fn as_generic_def(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<GenericDefId> {
+        match *self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Adt(AdtId(adt), ..) => Some(adt.into()),
+            TyKind::FnDef(callable, ..) => {
+                Some(db.lookup_intern_callable_def(callable.into()).into())
+            }
+            TyKind::AssociatedType(type_alias, ..) => Some(from_assoc_type_id(type_alias).into()),
+            TyKind::ForeignType(type_alias, ..) => Some(from_foreign_def_id(type_alias).into()),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
     pub fn is_never(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Ty::Never)
+        matches!(self.interned(&Interner), TyKind::Never)
     }
 
     pub fn is_unknown(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, Ty::Unknown)
+        matches!(self.interned(&Interner), TyKind::Unknown)
     }
 
     pub fn equals_ctor(&self, other: &Ty) -> bool {
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Ty::Adt(adt, ..), Ty::Adt(adt2, ..)) => adt == adt2,
-            (Ty::Slice(_), Ty::Slice(_)) | (Ty::Array(_), Ty::Array(_)) => true,
-            (Ty::FnDef(def_id, ..), Ty::FnDef(def_id2, ..)) => def_id == def_id2,
-            (Ty::OpaqueType(ty_id, ..), Ty::OpaqueType(ty_id2, ..)) => ty_id == ty_id2,
-            (Ty::AssociatedType(ty_id, ..), Ty::AssociatedType(ty_id2, ..))
-            | (Ty::ForeignType(ty_id, ..), Ty::ForeignType(ty_id2, ..)) => ty_id == ty_id2,
-            (Ty::Closure(def, expr, _), Ty::Closure(def2, expr2, _)) => {
-                expr == expr2 && def == def2
+        match (self.interned(&Interner), other.interned(&Interner)) {
+            (TyKind::Adt(adt, ..), TyKind::Adt(adt2, ..)) => adt == adt2,
+            (TyKind::Slice(_), TyKind::Slice(_)) | (TyKind::Array(_), TyKind::Array(_)) => true,
+            (TyKind::FnDef(def_id, ..), TyKind::FnDef(def_id2, ..)) => def_id == def_id2,
+            (TyKind::OpaqueType(ty_id, ..), TyKind::OpaqueType(ty_id2, ..)) => ty_id == ty_id2,
+            (TyKind::AssociatedType(ty_id, ..), TyKind::AssociatedType(ty_id2, ..)) => {
+                ty_id == ty_id2
+            }
+            (TyKind::ForeignType(ty_id, ..), TyKind::ForeignType(ty_id2, ..)) => ty_id == ty_id2,
+            (TyKind::Closure(id1, _), TyKind::Closure(id2, _)) => id1 == id2,
+            (TyKind::Ref(mutability, ..), TyKind::Ref(mutability2, ..))
+            | (TyKind::Raw(mutability, ..), TyKind::Raw(mutability2, ..)) => {
+                mutability == mutability2
             }
-            (Ty::Ref(mutability, ..), Ty::Ref(mutability2, ..))
-            | (Ty::Raw(mutability, ..), Ty::Raw(mutability2, ..)) => mutability == mutability2,
             (
-                Ty::Function(FnPointer { num_args, sig, .. }),
-                Ty::Function(FnPointer { num_args: num_args2, sig: sig2, .. }),
+                TyKind::Function(FnPointer { num_args, sig, .. }),
+                TyKind::Function(FnPointer { num_args: num_args2, sig: sig2, .. }),
             ) => num_args == num_args2 && sig == sig2,
-            (Ty::Tuple(cardinality, _), Ty::Tuple(cardinality2, _)) => cardinality == cardinality2,
-            (Ty::Str, Ty::Str) | (Ty::Never, Ty::Never) => true,
-            (Ty::Scalar(scalar), Ty::Scalar(scalar2)) => scalar == scalar2,
+            (TyKind::Tuple(cardinality, _), TyKind::Tuple(cardinality2, _)) => {
+                cardinality == cardinality2
+            }
+            (TyKind::Str, TyKind::Str) | (TyKind::Never, TyKind::Never) => true,
+            (TyKind::Scalar(scalar), TyKind::Scalar(scalar2)) => scalar == scalar2,
             _ => false,
         }
     }
 
     /// If this is a `dyn Trait` type, this returns the `Trait` part.
     pub fn dyn_trait_ref(&self) -> Option<&TraitRef> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::Dyn(bounds) => bounds.get(0).and_then(|b| match b {
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Dyn(bounds) => bounds.get(0).and_then(|b| match b {
                 GenericPredicate::Implemented(trait_ref) => Some(trait_ref),
                 _ => None,
             }),
@@ -729,28 +771,37 @@ impl Ty {
     }
 
     fn builtin_deref(&self) -> Option<Ty> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::Ref(.., parameters) => Some(Ty::clone(parameters.as_single())),
-            Ty::Raw(.., parameters) => Some(Ty::clone(parameters.as_single())),
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Ref(.., parameters) => Some(Ty::clone(parameters.as_single())),
+            TyKind::Raw(.., parameters) => Some(Ty::clone(parameters.as_single())),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_fn_def(&self) -> Option<FunctionId> {
-        match self {
-            &Ty::FnDef(CallableDefId::FunctionId(func), ..) => Some(func),
+    pub fn callable_def(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<CallableDefId> {
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            &TyKind::FnDef(def, ..) => Some(db.lookup_intern_callable_def(def.into())),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn as_fn_def(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<FunctionId> {
+        if let Some(CallableDefId::FunctionId(func)) = self.callable_def(db) {
+            Some(func)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn callable_sig(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<CallableSig> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::Function(fn_ptr) => Some(CallableSig::from_fn_ptr(fn_ptr)),
-            Ty::FnDef(def, parameters) => {
-                let sig = db.callable_item_signature(*def);
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Function(fn_ptr) => Some(CallableSig::from_fn_ptr(fn_ptr)),
+            TyKind::FnDef(def, parameters) => {
+                let callable_def = db.lookup_intern_callable_def((*def).into());
+                let sig = db.callable_item_signature(callable_def);
                 Some(sig.subst(&parameters))
             }
-            Ty::Closure(.., substs) => {
+            TyKind::Closure(.., substs) => {
                 let sig_param = &substs[0];
                 sig_param.callable_sig(db)
             }
@@ -763,18 +814,18 @@ impl Ty {
     /// `self` is `Option<_>` and the substs contain `u32`, we'll have
     /// `Option<u32>` afterwards.)
     pub fn apply_substs(mut self, new_substs: Substs) -> Ty {
-        match &mut self {
-            Ty::Adt(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Slice(substs)
-            | Ty::Array(substs)
-            | Ty::Raw(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Ref(_, substs)
-            | Ty::FnDef(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Function(FnPointer { substs, .. })
-            | Ty::Tuple(_, substs)
-            | Ty::OpaqueType(_, substs)
-            | Ty::AssociatedType(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Closure(.., substs) => {
+        match &mut self.0 {
+            TyKind::Adt(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Slice(substs)
+            | TyKind::Array(substs)
+            | TyKind::Raw(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Ref(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::FnDef(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Function(FnPointer { substs, .. })
+            | TyKind::Tuple(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::OpaqueType(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::AssociatedType(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Closure(.., substs) => {
                 assert_eq!(substs.len(), new_substs.len());
                 *substs = new_substs;
             }
@@ -786,44 +837,44 @@ impl Ty {
     /// Returns the type parameters of this type if it has some (i.e. is an ADT
     /// or function); so if `self` is `Option<u32>`, this returns the `u32`.
     pub fn substs(&self) -> Option<&Substs> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::Adt(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Slice(substs)
-            | Ty::Array(substs)
-            | Ty::Raw(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Ref(_, substs)
-            | Ty::FnDef(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Function(FnPointer { substs, .. })
-            | Ty::Tuple(_, substs)
-            | Ty::OpaqueType(_, substs)
-            | Ty::AssociatedType(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Closure(.., substs) => Some(substs),
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::Adt(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Slice(substs)
+            | TyKind::Array(substs)
+            | TyKind::Raw(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Ref(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::FnDef(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Function(FnPointer { substs, .. })
+            | TyKind::Tuple(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::OpaqueType(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::AssociatedType(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Closure(.., substs) => Some(substs),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
     pub fn substs_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut Substs> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::Adt(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Slice(substs)
-            | Ty::Array(substs)
-            | Ty::Raw(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Ref(_, substs)
-            | Ty::FnDef(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Function(FnPointer { substs, .. })
-            | Ty::Tuple(_, substs)
-            | Ty::OpaqueType(_, substs)
-            | Ty::AssociatedType(_, substs)
-            | Ty::Closure(.., substs) => Some(substs),
+        match &mut self.0 {
+            TyKind::Adt(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Slice(substs)
+            | TyKind::Array(substs)
+            | TyKind::Raw(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Ref(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::FnDef(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Function(FnPointer { substs, .. })
+            | TyKind::Tuple(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::OpaqueType(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::AssociatedType(_, substs)
+            | TyKind::Closure(.., substs) => Some(substs),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
     pub fn impl_trait_bounds(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<Vec<GenericPredicate>> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, ..) => {
-                match opaque_ty_id {
-                    OpaqueTyId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(def, _expr) => {
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::OpaqueType(opaque_ty_id, ..) => {
+                match db.lookup_intern_impl_trait_id((*opaque_ty_id).into()) {
+                    ImplTraitId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(def, _expr) => {
                         let krate = def.module(db.upcast()).krate();
                         if let Some(future_trait) = db
                             .lang_item(krate, "future_trait".into())
@@ -841,32 +892,34 @@ impl Ty {
                             None
                         }
                     }
-                    OpaqueTyId::ReturnTypeImplTrait(..) => None,
+                    ImplTraitId::ReturnTypeImplTrait(..) => None,
                 }
             }
-            Ty::Alias(AliasTy::Opaque(opaque_ty)) => {
-                let predicates = match opaque_ty.opaque_ty_id {
-                    OpaqueTyId::ReturnTypeImplTrait(func, idx) => {
+            TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Opaque(opaque_ty)) => {
+                let predicates = match db.lookup_intern_impl_trait_id(opaque_ty.opaque_ty_id.into())
+                {
+                    ImplTraitId::ReturnTypeImplTrait(func, idx) => {
                         db.return_type_impl_traits(func).map(|it| {
                             let data = (*it)
                                 .as_ref()
                                 .map(|rpit| rpit.impl_traits[idx as usize].bounds.clone());
-                            data.subst(&opaque_ty.parameters)
+                            data.subst(&opaque_ty.substitution)
                         })
                     }
                     // It always has an parameter for Future::Output type.
-                    OpaqueTyId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(..) => unreachable!(),
+                    ImplTraitId::AsyncBlockTypeImplTrait(..) => unreachable!(),
                 };
 
                 predicates.map(|it| it.value)
             }
-            Ty::Placeholder(id) => {
+            TyKind::Placeholder(idx) => {
+                let id = from_placeholder_idx(db, *idx);
                 let generic_params = db.generic_params(id.parent);
                 let param_data = &generic_params.types[id.local_id];
                 match param_data.provenance {
                     hir_def::generics::TypeParamProvenance::ArgumentImplTrait => {
                         let predicates = db
-                            .generic_predicates_for_param(*id)
+                            .generic_predicates_for_param(id)
                             .into_iter()
                             .map(|pred| pred.value.clone())
                             .collect_vec();
@@ -881,15 +934,18 @@ impl Ty {
     }
 
     pub fn associated_type_parent_trait(&self, db: &dyn HirDatabase) -> Option<TraitId> {
-        match self {
-            Ty::AssociatedType(type_alias_id, ..) => {
-                match type_alias_id.lookup(db.upcast()).container {
+        match self.interned(&Interner) {
+            TyKind::AssociatedType(id, ..) => {
+                match from_assoc_type_id(*id).lookup(db.upcast()).container {
                     AssocContainerId::TraitId(trait_id) => Some(trait_id),
                     _ => None,
                 }
             }
-            Ty::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(projection_ty)) => {
-                match projection_ty.associated_ty.lookup(db.upcast()).container {
+            TyKind::Alias(AliasTy::Projection(projection_ty)) => {
+                match from_assoc_type_id(projection_ty.associated_ty_id)
+                    .lookup(db.upcast())
+                    .container
+                {
                     AssocContainerId::TraitId(trait_id) => Some(trait_id),
                     _ => None,
                 }
@@ -908,13 +964,13 @@ pub trait TypeWalk {
     }
     /// Walk the type, counting entered binders.
     ///
-    /// `Ty::Bound` variables use DeBruijn indexing, which means that 0 refers
+    /// `TyKind::Bound` variables use DeBruijn indexing, which means that 0 refers
     /// to the innermost binder, 1 to the next, etc.. So when we want to
     /// substitute a certain bound variable, we can't just walk the whole type
     /// and blindly replace each instance of a certain index; when we 'enter'
     /// things that introduce new bound variables, we have to keep track of
     /// that. Currently, the only thing that introduces bound variables on our
-    /// side are `Ty::Dyn` and `Ty::Opaque`, which each introduce a bound
+    /// side are `TyKind::Dyn` and `TyKind::Opaque`, which each introduce a bound
     /// variable for the self type.
     fn walk_mut_binders(
         &mut self,
@@ -932,7 +988,7 @@ pub trait TypeWalk {
     {
         self.walk_mut_binders(
             &mut |ty_mut, binders| {
-                let ty = mem::replace(ty_mut, Ty::Unknown);
+                let ty = mem::replace(ty_mut, Ty(TyKind::Unknown));
                 *ty_mut = f(ty, binders);
             },
             binders,
@@ -945,13 +1001,13 @@ pub trait TypeWalk {
         Self: Sized,
     {
         self.walk_mut(&mut |ty_mut| {
-            let ty = mem::replace(ty_mut, Ty::Unknown);
+            let ty = mem::replace(ty_mut, Ty(TyKind::Unknown));
             *ty_mut = f(ty);
         });
         self
     }
 
-    /// Substitutes `Ty::Bound` vars with the given substitution.
+    /// Substitutes `TyKind::Bound` vars with the given substitution.
     fn subst_bound_vars(self, substs: &Substs) -> Self
     where
         Self: Sized,
@@ -959,14 +1015,14 @@ pub trait TypeWalk {
         self.subst_bound_vars_at_depth(substs, DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST)
     }
 
-    /// Substitutes `Ty::Bound` vars with the given substitution.
+    /// Substitutes `TyKind::Bound` vars with the given substitution.
     fn subst_bound_vars_at_depth(mut self, substs: &Substs, depth: DebruijnIndex) -> Self
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         self.walk_mut_binders(
             &mut |ty, binders| {
-                if let &mut Ty::BoundVar(bound) = ty {
+                if let &mut TyKind::BoundVar(bound) = &mut ty.0 {
                     if bound.debruijn >= binders {
                         *ty = substs.0[bound.index].clone().shift_bound_vars(binders);
                     }
@@ -977,17 +1033,17 @@ pub trait TypeWalk {
         self
     }
 
-    /// Shifts up debruijn indices of `Ty::Bound` vars by `n`.
+    /// Shifts up debruijn indices of `TyKind::Bound` vars by `n`.
     fn shift_bound_vars(self, n: DebruijnIndex) -> Self
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         self.fold_binders(
-            &mut |ty, binders| match ty {
-                Ty::BoundVar(bound) if bound.debruijn >= binders => {
-                    Ty::BoundVar(bound.shifted_in_from(n))
+            &mut |ty, binders| match &ty.0 {
+                TyKind::BoundVar(bound) if bound.debruijn >= binders => {
+                    TyKind::BoundVar(bound.shifted_in_from(n)).intern(&Interner)
                 }
-                ty => ty,
+                _ => ty,
             },
             DebruijnIndex::INNERMOST,