Add representations of associated types

This adds three different representations, copied from the Chalk model:
 - `Ty::Projection` is an associated type projection written somewhere in the
   code, like `<Foo as Trait>::Bar`.
 - `Ty::UnselectedProjection` is similar, but we don't know the trait
   yet (`Foo::Bar`).
 - The above representations are normalized to their actual types during type
   inference. When that isn't possible, for example for `T::Item` inside an `fn
   foo<T: Iterator>`, the type is normalized to an application type with
   `TypeCtor::AssociatedType`.

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