path: root/crates/ra_hir/src/ty.rs

//! The type system. We currently use this to infer types for completion.
//!
//! For type inference, compare the implementations in rustc (the various
//! check_* methods in librustc_typeck/check/mod.rs are a good entry point) and
//! IntelliJ-Rust (org.rust.lang.core.types.infer). Our entry point for
//! inference here is the `infer` function, which infers the types of all
//! expressions in a given function.
//!
//! The central struct here is `Ty`, which represents a type. During inference,
//! it can contain type 'variables' which represent currently unknown types; as
//! we walk through the expressions, we might determine that certain variables
//! need to be equal to each other, or to certain types. To record this, we use
//! the union-find implementation from the `ena` crate, which is extracted from
//! rustc.

mod autoderef;
pub(crate) mod primitive;
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;
pub(crate) mod method_resolution;

use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::iter::repeat;
use std::ops::Index;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::{fmt, mem};

use ena::unify::{InPlaceUnificationTable, UnifyKey, UnifyValue, NoError};
use ra_arena::map::ArenaMap;
use join_to_string::join;
use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;

use test_utils::tested_by;

use crate::{
    Function, Struct, StructField, Enum, EnumVariant, Path, Name,
    FnSignature, ModuleDef, AdtDef,
    HirDatabase,
    type_ref::{TypeRef, Mutability},
    name::KnownName,
    expr::{Body, Expr, BindingAnnotation, Literal, ExprId, Pat, PatId, UnaryOp, BinaryOp, Statement, FieldPat, self},
    generics::GenericParams,
    path::GenericArg,
    adt::VariantDef,
    resolve::{Resolver, Resolution}, nameres::Namespace
};

/// The ID of a type variable.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
pub struct TypeVarId(u32);

impl UnifyKey for TypeVarId {
    type Value = TypeVarValue;

    fn index(&self) -> u32 {
        self.0
    }

    fn from_index(i: u32) -> Self {
        TypeVarId(i)
    }

    fn tag() -> &'static str {
        "TypeVarId"
    }
}

/// The value of a type variable: either we already know the type, or we don't
/// know it yet.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub enum TypeVarValue {
    Known(Ty),
    Unknown,
}

impl TypeVarValue {
    fn known(&self) -> Option<&Ty> {
        match self {
            TypeVarValue::Known(ty) => Some(ty),
            TypeVarValue::Unknown => None,
        }
    }
}

impl UnifyValue for TypeVarValue {
    type Error = NoError;

    fn unify_values(value1: &Self, value2: &Self) -> Result<Self, NoError> {
        match (value1, value2) {
            // We should never equate two type variables, both of which have
            // known types. Instead, we recursively equate those types.
            (TypeVarValue::Known(t1), TypeVarValue::Known(t2)) => panic!(
                "equating two type variables, both of which have known types: {:?} and {:?}",
                t1, t2
            ),

            // If one side is known, prefer that one.
            (TypeVarValue::Known(..), TypeVarValue::Unknown) => Ok(value1.clone()),
            (TypeVarValue::Unknown, TypeVarValue::Known(..)) => Ok(value2.clone()),

            (TypeVarValue::Unknown, TypeVarValue::Unknown) => Ok(TypeVarValue::Unknown),
        }
    }
}

/// The kinds of placeholders we need during type inference. There's separate
/// values for general types, and for integer and float variables. The latter
/// two are used for inference of literal values (e.g. `100` could be one of
/// several integer types).
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
pub enum InferTy {
    TypeVar(TypeVarId),
    IntVar(TypeVarId),
    FloatVar(TypeVarId),
}

impl InferTy {
    fn to_inner(self) -> TypeVarId {
        match self {
            InferTy::TypeVar(ty) | InferTy::IntVar(ty) | InferTy::FloatVar(ty) => ty,
        }
    }

    fn fallback_value(self) -> Ty {
        match self {
            InferTy::TypeVar(..) => Ty::Unknown,
            InferTy::IntVar(..) => {
                Ty::Int(primitive::UncertainIntTy::Signed(primitive::IntTy::I32))
            }
            InferTy::FloatVar(..) => {
                Ty::Float(primitive::UncertainFloatTy::Known(primitive::FloatTy::F64))
            }
        }
    }
}

/// When inferring an expression, we propagate downward whatever type hint we
/// are able in the form of an `Expectation`.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
struct Expectation {
    ty: Ty,
    // TODO: In some cases, we need to be aware whether the expectation is that
    // the type match exactly what we passed, or whether it just needs to be
    // coercible to the expected type. See Expectation::rvalue_hint in rustc.
}

impl Expectation {
    /// The expectation that the type of the expression needs to equal the given
    /// type.
    fn has_type(ty: Ty) -> Self {
        Expectation { ty }
    }

    /// This expresses no expectation on the type.
    fn none() -> Self {
        Expectation { ty: Ty::Unknown }
    }
}

/// A list of substitutions for generic parameters.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub struct Substs(Arc<[Ty]>);

impl Substs {
    pub fn empty() -> Substs {
        Substs(Arc::new([]))
    }

    /// Replaces the end of the substitutions by other ones.
    pub(crate) fn replace_tail(self, replace_by: Vec<Ty>) -> Substs {
        // again missing Arc::make_mut_slice...
        let len = replace_by.len().min(self.0.len());
        let parent_len = self.0.len() - len;
        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(parent_len + len);
        result.extend(self.0.iter().take(parent_len).cloned());
        result.extend(replace_by);
        Substs(result.into())
    }
}

/// A type. This is based on the `TyKind` enum in rustc (librustc/ty/sty.rs).
///
/// This should be cheap to clone.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub enum Ty {
    /// The primitive boolean type. Written as `bool`.
    Bool,

    /// The primitive character type; holds a Unicode scalar value
    /// (a non-surrogate code point). Written as `char`.
    Char,

    /// A primitive integer type. For example, `i32`.
    Int(primitive::UncertainIntTy),

    /// A primitive floating-point type. For example, `f64`.
    Float(primitive::UncertainFloatTy),

    /// Structures, enumerations and unions.
    Adt {
        /// The definition of the struct/enum.
        def_id: AdtDef,
        /// The name, for displaying.
        name: Name,
        /// Substitutions for the generic parameters of the type.
        substs: Substs,
    },

    /// The pointee of a string slice. Written as `str`.
    Str,

    /// The pointee of an array slice.  Written as `[T]`.
    Slice(Arc<Ty>),

    // An array with the given length. Written as `[T; n]`.
    Array(Arc<Ty>),

    /// A raw pointer. Written as `*mut T` or `*const T`
    RawPtr(Arc<Ty>, Mutability),

    /// A reference; a pointer with an associated lifetime. Written as
    /// `&'a mut T` or `&'a T`.
    Ref(Arc<Ty>, Mutability),

    /// The anonymous type of a function declaration/definition. Each
    /// function has a unique type, which is output (for a function
    /// named `foo` returning an `i32`) as `fn() -> i32 {foo}`.
    ///
    /// This includes tuple struct / enum variant constructors as well.
    ///
    /// For example the type of `bar` here:
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// fn foo() -> i32 { 1 }
    /// let bar = foo; // bar: fn() -> i32 {foo}
    /// ```
    FnDef {
        /// The definition of the function / constructor.
        def: CallableDef,
        /// For display
        name: Name,
        /// Parameters and return type
        sig: Arc<FnSig>,
        /// Substitutions for the generic parameters of the type
        substs: Substs,
    },

    /// A pointer to a function.  Written as `fn() -> i32`.
    ///
    /// For example the type of `bar` here:
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// fn foo() -> i32 { 1 }
    /// let bar: fn() -> i32 = foo;
    /// ```
    FnPtr(Arc<FnSig>),

    // rustc has a separate type for each function, which just coerces to the
    // above function pointer type. Once we implement generics, we will probably
    // need this as well.

    // A trait, defined with `dyn Trait`.
    // Dynamic(),

    // The anonymous type of a closure. Used to represent the type of
    // `|a| a`.
    // Closure(DefId, ClosureSubsts<'tcx>),

    // The anonymous type of a generator. Used to represent the type of
    // `|a| yield a`.
    // Generator(DefId, GeneratorSubsts<'tcx>, hir::GeneratorMovability),

    // A type representing the types stored inside a generator.
    // This should only appear in GeneratorInteriors.
    // GeneratorWitness(Binder<&'tcx List<Ty<'tcx>>>),
    /// The never type `!`.
    Never,

    /// A tuple type.  For example, `(i32, bool)`.
    Tuple(Arc<[Ty]>),

    // The projection of an associated type.  For example,
    // `<T as Trait<..>>::N`.pub
    // Projection(ProjectionTy),

    // Opaque (`impl Trait`) type found in a return type.
    // Opaque(DefId, Substs),
    /// A type parameter; for example, `T` in `fn f<T>(x: T) {}
    Param {
        /// The index of the parameter (starting with parameters from the
        /// surrounding impl, then the current function).
        idx: u32,
        /// The name of the parameter, for displaying.
        name: Name,
    },

    /// A type variable used during type checking. Not to be confused with a
    /// type parameter.
    Infer(InferTy),

    /// A placeholder for a type which could not be computed; this is propagated
    /// to avoid useless error messages. Doubles as a placeholder where type
    /// variables are inserted before type checking, since we want to try to
    /// infer a better type here anyway -- for the IDE use case, we want to try
    /// to infer as much as possible even in the presence of type errors.
    Unknown,
}

/// A function signature.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub struct FnSig {
    input: Vec<Ty>,
    output: Ty,
}

impl Ty {
    pub(crate) fn from_hir(db: &impl HirDatabase, resolver: &Resolver, type_ref: &TypeRef) -> Self {
        match type_ref {
            TypeRef::Never => Ty::Never,
            TypeRef::Tuple(inner) => {
                let inner_tys =
                    inner.iter().map(|tr| Ty::from_hir(db, resolver, tr)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
                Ty::Tuple(inner_tys.into())
            }
            TypeRef::Path(path) => Ty::from_hir_path(db, resolver, path),
            TypeRef::RawPtr(inner, mutability) => {
                let inner_ty = Ty::from_hir(db, resolver, inner);
                Ty::RawPtr(Arc::new(inner_ty), *mutability)
            }
            TypeRef::Array(inner) => {
                let inner_ty = Ty::from_hir(db, resolver, inner);
                Ty::Array(Arc::new(inner_ty))
            }
            TypeRef::Slice(inner) => {
                let inner_ty = Ty::from_hir(db, resolver, inner);
                Ty::Slice(Arc::new(inner_ty))
            }
            TypeRef::Reference(inner, mutability) => {
                let inner_ty = Ty::from_hir(db, resolver, inner);
                Ty::Ref(Arc::new(inner_ty), *mutability)
            }
            TypeRef::Placeholder => Ty::Unknown,
            TypeRef::Fn(params) => {
                let mut inner_tys =
                    params.iter().map(|tr| Ty::from_hir(db, resolver, tr)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
                let return_ty =
                    inner_tys.pop().expect("TypeRef::Fn should always have at least return type");
                let sig = FnSig { input: inner_tys, output: return_ty };
                Ty::FnPtr(Arc::new(sig))
            }
            TypeRef::Error => Ty::Unknown,
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn from_hir_path(db: &impl HirDatabase, resolver: &Resolver, path: &Path) -> Self {
        if let Some(name) = path.as_ident() {
            // TODO handle primitive type names in resolver as well?
            if let Some(int_ty) = primitive::UncertainIntTy::from_name(name) {
                return Ty::Int(int_ty);
            } else if let Some(float_ty) = primitive::UncertainFloatTy::from_name(name) {
                return Ty::Float(float_ty);
            } else if let Some(known) = name.as_known_name() {
                match known {
                    KnownName::Bool => return Ty::Bool,
                    KnownName::Char => return Ty::Char,
                    KnownName::Str => return Ty::Str,
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
        }

        // Resolve the path (in type namespace)
        let resolution = resolver.resolve_path(db, path).take_types();

        let def = match resolution {
            Some(Resolution::Def(def)) => def,
            Some(Resolution::LocalBinding(..)) => {
                // this should never happen
                panic!("path resolved to local binding in type ns");
            }
            Some(Resolution::GenericParam(idx)) => {
                return Ty::Param {
                    idx,
                    // TODO: maybe return name in resolution?
                    name: path
                        .as_ident()
                        .expect("generic param should be single-segment path")
                        .clone(),
                };
            }
            Some(Resolution::SelfType(impl_block)) => {
                return impl_block.target_ty(db);
            }
            None => return Ty::Unknown,
        };

        let typable: TypableDef = match def.into() {
            None => return Ty::Unknown,
            Some(it) => it,
        };
        let ty = db.type_for_def(typable, Namespace::Types);
        let substs = Ty::substs_from_path(db, resolver, path, typable);
        ty.apply_substs(substs)
    }

    /// Collect generic arguments from a path into a `Substs`. See also
    /// `create_substs_for_ast_path` and `def_to_ty` in rustc.
    fn substs_from_path(
        db: &impl HirDatabase,
        resolver: &Resolver,
        path: &Path,
        resolved: TypableDef,
    ) -> Substs {
        let mut substs = Vec::new();
        let last = path.segments.last().expect("path should have at least one segment");
        let (def_generics, segment) = match resolved {
            TypableDef::Function(func) => (func.generic_params(db), last),
            TypableDef::Struct(s) => (s.generic_params(db), last),
            TypableDef::Enum(e) => (e.generic_params(db), last),
            TypableDef::EnumVariant(var) => {
                // the generic args for an enum variant may be either specified
                // on the segment referring to the enum, or on the segment
                // referring to the variant. So `Option::<T>::None` and
                // `Option::None::<T>` are both allowed (though the former is
                // preferred). See also `def_ids_for_path_segments` in rustc.
                let len = path.segments.len();
                let segment = if len >= 2 && path.segments[len - 2].args_and_bindings.is_some() {
                    // Option::<T>::None
                    &path.segments[len - 2]
                } else {
                    // Option::None::<T>
                    last
                };
                (var.parent_enum(db).generic_params(db), segment)
            }
        };
        let parent_param_count = def_generics.count_parent_params();
        substs.extend((0..parent_param_count).map(|_| Ty::Unknown));
        if let Some(generic_args) = &segment.args_and_bindings {
            // if args are provided, it should be all of them, but we can't rely on that
            let param_count = def_generics.params.len();
            for arg in generic_args.args.iter().take(param_count) {
                match arg {
                    GenericArg::Type(type_ref) => {
                        let ty = Ty::from_hir(db, resolver, type_ref);
                        substs.push(ty);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        // add placeholders for args that were not provided
        // TODO: handle defaults
        let supplied_params = substs.len();
        for _ in supplied_params..def_generics.count_params_including_parent() {
            substs.push(Ty::Unknown);
        }
        assert_eq!(substs.len(), def_generics.params.len());
        Substs(substs.into())
    }

    pub fn unit() -> Self {
        Ty::Tuple(Arc::new([]))
    }

    pub fn walk(&self, f: &mut impl FnMut(&Ty)) {
        match self {
            Ty::Slice(t) | Ty::Array(t) => t.walk(f),
            Ty::RawPtr(t, _) => t.walk(f),
            Ty::Ref(t, _) => t.walk(f),
            Ty::Tuple(ts) => {
                for t in ts.iter() {
                    t.walk(f);
                }
            }
            Ty::FnPtr(sig) => {
                for input in &sig.input {
                    input.walk(f);
                }
                sig.output.walk(f);
            }
            Ty::FnDef { substs, sig, .. } => {
                for input in &sig.input {
                    input.walk(f);
                }
                sig.output.walk(f);
                for t in substs.0.iter() {
                    t.walk(f);
                }
            }
            Ty::Adt { substs, .. } => {
                for t in substs.0.iter() {
                    t.walk(f);
                }
            }
            Ty::Bool
            | Ty::Char
            | Ty::Int(_)
            | Ty::Float(_)
            | Ty::Str
            | Ty::Never
            | Ty::Param { .. }
            | Ty::Infer(_)
            | Ty::Unknown => {}
        }
        f(self);
    }

    fn walk_mut(&mut self, f: &mut impl FnMut(&mut Ty)) {
        match self {
            Ty::Slice(t) | Ty::Array(t) => Arc::make_mut(t).walk_mut(f),
            Ty::RawPtr(t, _) => Arc::make_mut(t).walk_mut(f),
            Ty::Ref(t, _) => Arc::make_mut(t).walk_mut(f),
            Ty::Tuple(ts) => {
                // Without an Arc::make_mut_slice, we can't avoid the clone here:
                let mut v: Vec<_> = ts.iter().cloned().collect();
                for t in &mut v {
                    t.walk_mut(f);
                }
                *ts = v.into();
            }
            Ty::FnPtr(sig) => {
                let sig_mut = Arc::make_mut(sig);
                for input in &mut sig_mut.input {
                    input.walk_mut(f);
                }
                sig_mut.output.walk_mut(f);
            }
            Ty::FnDef { substs, sig, .. } => {
                let sig_mut = Arc::make_mut(sig);
                for input in &mut sig_mut.input {
                    input.walk_mut(f);
                }
                sig_mut.output.walk_mut(f);
                // Without an Arc::make_mut_slice, we can't avoid the clone here:
                let mut v: Vec<_> = substs.0.iter().cloned().collect();
                for t in &mut v {
                    t.walk_mut(f);
                }
                substs.0 = v.into();
            }
            Ty::Adt { substs, .. } => {
                // Without an Arc::make_mut_slice, we can't avoid the clone here:
                let mut v: Vec<_> = substs.0.iter().cloned().collect();
                for t in &mut v {
                    t.walk_mut(f);
                }
                substs.0 = v.into();
            }
            Ty::Bool
            | Ty::Char
            | Ty::Int(_)
            | Ty::Float(_)
            | Ty::Str
            | Ty::Never
            | Ty::Param { .. }
            | Ty::Infer(_)
            | Ty::Unknown => {}
        }
        f(self);
    }

    fn fold(mut self, f: &mut impl FnMut(Ty) -> Ty) -> Ty {
        self.walk_mut(&mut |ty_mut| {
            let ty = mem::replace(ty_mut, Ty::Unknown);
            *ty_mut = f(ty);
        });
        self
    }

    fn builtin_deref(&self) -> Option<Ty> {
        match self {
            Ty::Ref(t, _) => Some(Ty::clone(t)),
            Ty::RawPtr(t, _) => Some(Ty::clone(t)),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// If this is a type with type parameters (an ADT or function), replaces
    /// the `Substs` for these type parameters with the given ones. (So e.g. if
    /// `self` is `Option<_>` and the substs contain `u32`, we'll have
    /// `Option<u32>` afterwards.)
    pub fn apply_substs(self, substs: Substs) -> Ty {
        match self {
            Ty::Adt { def_id, name, .. } => Ty::Adt { def_id, name, substs },
            Ty::FnDef { def, name, sig, .. } => Ty::FnDef { def, name, sig, substs },
            _ => self,
        }
    }

    /// Replaces type parameters in this type using the given `Substs`. (So e.g.
    /// if `self` is `&[T]`, where type parameter T has index 0, and the
    /// `Substs` contain `u32` at index 0, we'll have `&[u32]` afterwards.)
    pub fn subst(self, substs: &Substs) -> Ty {
        self.fold(&mut |ty| match ty {
            Ty::Param { idx, name } => {
                if (idx as usize) < substs.0.len() {
                    substs.0[idx as usize].clone()
                } else {
                    // TODO: does this indicate a bug? i.e. should we always
                    // have substs for all type params? (they might contain the
                    // params themselves again...)
                    Ty::Param { idx, name }
                }
            }
            ty => ty,
        })
    }

    /// Returns the type parameters of this type if it has some (i.e. is an ADT
    /// or function); so if `self` is `Option<u32>`, this returns the `u32`.
    fn substs(&self) -> Option<Substs> {
        match self {
            Ty::Adt { substs, .. } | Ty::FnDef { substs, .. } => Some(substs.clone()),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Ty {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Ty::Bool => write!(f, "bool"),
            Ty::Char => write!(f, "char"),
            Ty::Int(t) => write!(f, "{}", t.ty_to_string()),
            Ty::Float(t) => write!(f, "{}", t.ty_to_string()),
            Ty::Str => write!(f, "str"),
            Ty::Slice(t) | Ty::Array(t) => write!(f, "[{}]", t),
            Ty::RawPtr(t, m) => write!(f, "*{}{}", m.as_keyword_for_ptr(), t),
            Ty::Ref(t, m) => write!(f, "&{}{}", m.as_keyword_for_ref(), t),
            Ty::Never => write!(f, "!"),
            Ty::Tuple(ts) => {
                if ts.len() == 1 {
                    write!(f, "({},)", ts[0])
                } else {
                    join(ts.iter()).surround_with("(", ")").separator(", ").to_fmt(f)
                }
            }
            Ty::FnPtr(sig) => {
                join(sig.input.iter()).surround_with("fn(", ")").separator(", ").to_fmt(f)?;
                write!(f, " -> {}", sig.output)
            }
            Ty::FnDef { name, substs, sig, .. } => {
                write!(f, "fn {}", name)?;
                if substs.0.len() > 0 {
                    join(substs.0.iter()).surround_with("<", ">").separator(", ").to_fmt(f)?;
                }
                join(sig.input.iter()).surround_with("(", ")").separator(", ").to_fmt(f)?;
                write!(f, " -> {}", sig.output)
            }
            Ty::Adt { name, substs, .. } => {
                write!(f, "{}", name)?;
                if substs.0.len() > 0 {
                    join(substs.0.iter()).surround_with("<", ">").separator(", ").to_fmt(f)?;
                }
                Ok(())
            }
            Ty::Param { name, .. } => write!(f, "{}", name),
            Ty::Unknown => write!(f, "[unknown]"),
            Ty::Infer(..) => write!(f, "_"),
        }
    }
}

// Functions returning declared types for items

/// Compute the declared type of a function. This should not need to look at the
/// function body.
fn type_for_fn(db: &impl HirDatabase, def: Function) -> Ty {
    let signature = def.signature(db);
    let resolver = def.resolver(db);
    let generics = def.generic_params(db);
    let name = def.name(db);
    let input =
        signature.params().iter().map(|tr| Ty::from_hir(db, &resolver, tr)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
    let output = Ty::from_hir(db, &resolver, signature.ret_type());
    let sig = Arc::new(FnSig { input, output });
    let substs = make_substs(&generics);
    Ty::FnDef { def: def.into(), sig, name, substs }
}

/// Compute the type of a tuple struct constructor.
fn type_for_struct_constructor(db: &impl HirDatabase, def: Struct) -> Ty {
    let var_data = def.variant_data(db);
    let fields = match var_data.fields() {
        Some(fields) => fields,
        None => return type_for_struct(db, def), // Unit struct
    };
    let resolver = def.resolver(db);
    let generics = def.generic_params(db);
    let name = def.name(db).unwrap_or_else(Name::missing);
    let input = fields
        .iter()
        .map(|(_, field)| Ty::from_hir(db, &resolver, &field.type_ref))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    let output = type_for_struct(db, def);
    let sig = Arc::new(FnSig { input, output });
    let substs = make_substs(&generics);
    Ty::FnDef { def: def.into(), sig, name, substs }
}

/// Compute the type of a tuple enum variant constructor.
fn type_for_enum_variant_constructor(db: &impl HirDatabase, def: EnumVariant) -> Ty {
    let var_data = def.variant_data(db);
    let fields = match var_data.fields() {
        Some(fields) => fields,
        None => return type_for_enum(db, def.parent_enum(db)), // Unit variant
    };
    let resolver = def.parent_enum(db).resolver(db);
    let generics = def.parent_enum(db).generic_params(db);
    let name = def.name(db).unwrap_or_else(Name::missing);
    let input = fields
        .iter()
        .map(|(_, field)| Ty::from_hir(db, &resolver, &field.type_ref))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    let output = type_for_enum(db, def.parent_enum(db));
    let sig = Arc::new(FnSig { input, output });
    let substs = make_substs(&generics);
    Ty::FnDef { def: def.into(), sig, name, substs }
}

fn make_substs(generics: &GenericParams) -> Substs {
    Substs(
        (0..generics.count_params_including_parent())
            .map(|_p| Ty::Unknown)
            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
            .into(),
    )
}

fn type_for_struct(db: &impl HirDatabase, s: Struct) -> Ty {
    let generics = s.generic_params(db);
    Ty::Adt {
        def_id: s.into(),
        name: s.name(db).unwrap_or_else(Name::missing),
        substs: make_substs(&generics),
    }
}

pub(crate) fn type_for_enum(db: &impl HirDatabase, s: Enum) -> Ty {
    let generics = s.generic_params(db);
    Ty::Adt {
        def_id: s.into(),
        name: s.name(db).unwrap_or_else(Name::missing),
        substs: make_substs(&generics),
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum TypableDef {
    Function(Function),
    Struct(Struct),
    Enum(Enum),
    EnumVariant(EnumVariant),
}
impl_froms!(TypableDef: Function, Struct, Enum, EnumVariant);

impl From<ModuleDef> for Option<TypableDef> {
    fn from(def: ModuleDef) -> Option<TypableDef> {
        let res = match def {
            ModuleDef::Function(f) => f.into(),
            ModuleDef::Struct(s) => s.into(),
            ModuleDef::Enum(e) => e.into(),
            ModuleDef::EnumVariant(v) => v.into(),
            ModuleDef::Const(_)
            | ModuleDef::Static(_)
            | ModuleDef::Module(_)
            | ModuleDef::Trait(_)
            | ModuleDef::Type(_) => return None,
        };
        Some(res)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum CallableDef {
    Function(Function),
    Struct(Struct),
    EnumVariant(EnumVariant),
}
impl_froms!(CallableDef: Function, Struct, EnumVariant);

pub(super) fn type_for_def(db: &impl HirDatabase, def: TypableDef, ns: Namespace) -> Ty {
    match (def, ns) {
        (TypableDef::Function(f), Namespace::Values) => type_for_fn(db, f),
        (TypableDef::Struct(s), Namespace::Types) => type_for_struct(db, s),
        (TypableDef::Struct(s), Namespace::Values) => type_for_struct_constructor(db, s),
        (TypableDef::Enum(e), Namespace::Types) => type_for_enum(db, e),
        (TypableDef::EnumVariant(v), Namespace::Values) => type_for_enum_variant_constructor(db, v),

        // 'error' cases:
        (TypableDef::Function(_), Namespace::Types) => Ty::Unknown,
        (TypableDef::Enum(_), Namespace::Values) => Ty::Unknown,
        (TypableDef::EnumVariant(_), Namespace::Types) => Ty::Unknown,
    }
}

pub(super) fn type_for_field(db: &impl HirDatabase, field: StructField) -> Ty {
    let parent_def = field.parent_def(db);
    let resolver = match parent_def {
        VariantDef::Struct(it) => it.resolver(db),
        VariantDef::EnumVariant(it) => it.parent_enum(db).resolver(db),
    };
    let var_data = parent_def.variant_data(db);
    let type_ref = &var_data.fields().unwrap()[field.id].type_ref;
    Ty::from_hir(db, &resolver, type_ref)
}

/// The result of type inference: A mapping from expressions and patterns to types.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub struct InferenceResult {
    /// For each method call expr, records the function it resolves to.
    method_resolutions: FxHashMap<ExprId, Function>,
    /// For each field access expr, records the field it resolves to.
    field_resolutions: FxHashMap<ExprId, StructField>,
    type_of_expr: ArenaMap<ExprId, Ty>,
    type_of_pat: ArenaMap<PatId, Ty>,
}

impl InferenceResult {
    pub fn method_resolution(&self, expr: ExprId) -> Option<Function> {
        self.method_resolutions.get(&expr).map(|it| *it)
    }
    pub fn field_resolution(&self, expr: ExprId) -> Option<StructField> {
        self.field_resolutions.get(&expr).map(|it| *it)
    }
}

impl Index<ExprId> for InferenceResult {
    type Output = Ty;

    fn index(&self, expr: ExprId) -> &Ty {
        self.type_of_expr.get(expr).unwrap_or(&Ty::Unknown)
    }
}

impl Index<PatId> for InferenceResult {
    type Output = Ty;

    fn index(&self, pat: PatId) -> &Ty {
        self.type_of_pat.get(pat).unwrap_or(&Ty::Unknown)
    }
}

/// The inference context contains all information needed during type inference.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
struct InferenceContext<'a, D: HirDatabase> {
    db: &'a D,
    body: Arc<Body>,
    resolver: Resolver,
    var_unification_table: InPlaceUnificationTable<TypeVarId>,
    method_resolutions: FxHashMap<ExprId, Function>,
    field_resolutions: FxHashMap<ExprId, StructField>,
    type_of_expr: ArenaMap<ExprId, Ty>,
    type_of_pat: ArenaMap<PatId, Ty>,
    /// The return type of the function being inferred.
    return_ty: Ty,
}

fn binary_op_return_ty(op: BinaryOp, rhs_ty: Ty) -> Ty {
    match op {
        BinaryOp::BooleanOr
        | BinaryOp::BooleanAnd
        | BinaryOp::EqualityTest
        | BinaryOp::LesserEqualTest
        | BinaryOp::GreaterEqualTest
        | BinaryOp::LesserTest
        | BinaryOp::GreaterTest => Ty::Bool,
        BinaryOp::Assignment
        | BinaryOp::AddAssign
        | BinaryOp::SubAssign
        | BinaryOp::DivAssign
        | BinaryOp::MulAssign
        | BinaryOp::RemAssign
        | BinaryOp::ShrAssign
        | BinaryOp::ShlAssign
        | BinaryOp::BitAndAssign
        | BinaryOp::BitOrAssign
        | BinaryOp::BitXorAssign => Ty::unit(),
        BinaryOp::Addition
        | BinaryOp::Subtraction
        | BinaryOp::Multiplication
        | BinaryOp::Division
        | BinaryOp::Remainder
        | BinaryOp::LeftShift
        | BinaryOp::RightShift
        | BinaryOp::BitwiseAnd
        | BinaryOp::BitwiseOr
        | BinaryOp::BitwiseXor => match rhs_ty {
            Ty::Int(..)
            | Ty::Float(..)
            | Ty::Infer(InferTy::IntVar(..))
            | Ty::Infer(InferTy::FloatVar(..)) => rhs_ty,
            _ => Ty::Unknown,
        },
        BinaryOp::RangeRightOpen | BinaryOp::RangeRightClosed => Ty::Unknown,
    }
}

fn binary_op_rhs_expectation(op: BinaryOp, lhs_ty: Ty) -> Ty {
    match op {
        BinaryOp::BooleanAnd | BinaryOp::BooleanOr => Ty::Bool,
        BinaryOp::Assignment | BinaryOp::EqualityTest => match lhs_ty {
            Ty::Int(..) | Ty::Float(..) | Ty::Str | Ty::Char | Ty::Bool => lhs_ty,
            _ => Ty::Unknown,
        },
        BinaryOp::LesserEqualTest
        | BinaryOp::GreaterEqualTest
        | BinaryOp::LesserTest
        | BinaryOp::GreaterTest
        | BinaryOp::AddAssign
        | BinaryOp::SubAssign
        | BinaryOp::DivAssign
        | BinaryOp::MulAssign
        | BinaryOp::RemAssign
        | BinaryOp::ShrAssign
        | BinaryOp::ShlAssign
        | BinaryOp::BitAndAssign
        | BinaryOp::BitOrAssign
        | BinaryOp::BitXorAssign
        | BinaryOp::Addition
        | BinaryOp::Subtraction
        | BinaryOp::Multiplication
        | BinaryOp::Division
        | BinaryOp::Remainder
        | BinaryOp::LeftShift
        | BinaryOp::RightShift
        | BinaryOp::BitwiseAnd
        | BinaryOp::BitwiseOr
        | BinaryOp::BitwiseXor => match lhs_ty {
            Ty::Int(..) | Ty::Float(..) => lhs_ty,
            _ => Ty::Unknown,
        },
        _ => Ty::Unknown,
    }
}

impl<'a, D: HirDatabase> InferenceContext<'a, D> {
    fn new(db: &'a D, body: Arc<Body>, resolver: Resolver) -> Self {
        InferenceContext {
            method_resolutions: FxHashMap::default(),
            field_resolutions: FxHashMap::default(),
            type_of_expr: ArenaMap::default(),
            type_of_pat: ArenaMap::default(),
            var_unification_table: InPlaceUnificationTable::new(),
            return_ty: Ty::Unknown, // set in collect_fn_signature
            db,
            body,
            resolver,
        }
    }

    fn resolve_all(mut self) -> InferenceResult {
        let mut tv_stack = Vec::new();
        let mut expr_types = mem::replace(&mut self.type_of_expr, ArenaMap::default());
        for ty in expr_types.values_mut() {
            let resolved = self.resolve_ty_completely(&mut tv_stack, mem::replace(ty, Ty::Unknown));
            *ty = resolved;
        }
        let mut pat_types = mem::replace(&mut self.type_of_pat, ArenaMap::default());
        for ty in pat_types.values_mut() {
            let resolved = self.resolve_ty_completely(&mut tv_stack, mem::replace(ty, Ty::Unknown));
            *ty = resolved;
        }
        InferenceResult {
            method_resolutions: self.method_resolutions,
            field_resolutions: self.field_resolutions,
            type_of_expr: expr_types,
            type_of_pat: pat_types,
        }
    }

    fn write_expr_ty(&mut self, expr: ExprId, ty: Ty) {
        self.type_of_expr.insert(expr, ty);
    }

    fn write_method_resolution(&mut self, expr: ExprId, func: Function) {
        self.method_resolutions.insert(expr, func);
    }

    fn write_field_resolution(&mut self, expr: ExprId, field: StructField) {
        self.field_resolutions.insert(expr, field);
    }

    fn write_pat_ty(&mut self, pat: PatId, ty: Ty) {
        self.type_of_pat.insert(pat, ty);
    }

    fn make_ty(&mut self, type_ref: &TypeRef) -> Ty {
        let ty = Ty::from_hir(
            self.db,
            // TODO use right resolver for block
            &self.resolver,
            type_ref,
        );
        let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty);
        ty
    }

    fn unify_substs(&mut self, substs1: &Substs, substs2: &Substs, depth: usize) -> bool {
        substs1.0.iter().zip(substs2.0.iter()).all(|(t1, t2)| self.unify_inner(t1, t2, depth))
    }

    fn unify(&mut self, ty1: &Ty, ty2: &Ty) -> bool {
        self.unify_inner(ty1, ty2, 0)
    }

    fn unify_inner(&mut self, ty1: &Ty, ty2: &Ty, depth: usize) -> bool {
        if depth > 1000 {
            // prevent stackoverflows
            panic!("infinite recursion in unification");
        }
        if ty1 == ty2 {
            return true;
        }
        // try to resolve type vars first
        let ty1 = self.resolve_ty_shallow(ty1);
        let ty2 = self.resolve_ty_shallow(ty2);
        match (&*ty1, &*ty2) {
            (Ty::Unknown, ..) => true,
            (.., Ty::Unknown) => true,
            (Ty::Int(t1), Ty::Int(t2)) => match (t1, t2) {
                (primitive::UncertainIntTy::Unknown, _)
                | (_, primitive::UncertainIntTy::Unknown) => true,
                _ => t1 == t2,
            },
            (Ty::Float(t1), Ty::Float(t2)) => match (t1, t2) {
                (primitive::UncertainFloatTy::Unknown, _)
                | (_, primitive::UncertainFloatTy::Unknown) => true,
                _ => t1 == t2,
            },
            (Ty::Bool, _) | (Ty::Str, _) | (Ty::Never, _) | (Ty::Char, _) => ty1 == ty2,
            (
                Ty::Adt { def_id: def_id1, substs: substs1, .. },
                Ty::Adt { def_id: def_id2, substs: substs2, .. },
            ) if def_id1 == def_id2 => self.unify_substs(substs1, substs2, depth + 1),
            (Ty::Slice(t1), Ty::Slice(t2)) => self.unify_inner(t1, t2, depth + 1),
            (Ty::RawPtr(t1, m1), Ty::RawPtr(t2, m2)) if m1 == m2 => {
                self.unify_inner(t1, t2, depth + 1)
            }
            (Ty::Ref(t1, m1), Ty::Ref(t2, m2)) if m1 == m2 => self.unify_inner(t1, t2, depth + 1),
            (Ty::FnPtr(sig1), Ty::FnPtr(sig2)) if sig1 == sig2 => true,
            (Ty::Tuple(ts1), Ty::Tuple(ts2)) if ts1.len() == ts2.len() => {
                ts1.iter().zip(ts2.iter()).all(|(t1, t2)| self.unify_inner(t1, t2, depth + 1))
            }
            (Ty::Infer(InferTy::TypeVar(tv1)), Ty::Infer(InferTy::TypeVar(tv2)))
            | (Ty::Infer(InferTy::IntVar(tv1)), Ty::Infer(InferTy::IntVar(tv2)))
            | (Ty::Infer(InferTy::FloatVar(tv1)), Ty::Infer(InferTy::FloatVar(tv2))) => {
                // both type vars are unknown since we tried to resolve them
                self.var_unification_table.union(*tv1, *tv2);
                true
            }
            (Ty::Infer(InferTy::TypeVar(tv)), other)
            | (other, Ty::Infer(InferTy::TypeVar(tv)))
            | (Ty::Infer(InferTy::IntVar(tv)), other)
            | (other, Ty::Infer(InferTy::IntVar(tv)))
            | (Ty::Infer(InferTy::FloatVar(tv)), other)
            | (other, Ty::Infer(InferTy::FloatVar(tv))) => {
                // the type var is unknown since we tried to resolve it
                self.var_unification_table.union_value(*tv, TypeVarValue::Known(other.clone()));
                true
            }
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    fn new_type_var(&mut self) -> Ty {
        Ty::Infer(InferTy::TypeVar(self.var_unification_table.new_key(TypeVarValue::Unknown)))
    }

    fn new_integer_var(&mut self) -> Ty {
        Ty::Infer(InferTy::IntVar(self.var_unification_table.new_key(TypeVarValue::Unknown)))
    }

    fn new_float_var(&mut self) -> Ty {
        Ty::Infer(InferTy::FloatVar(self.var_unification_table.new_key(TypeVarValue::Unknown)))
    }

    /// Replaces Ty::Unknown by a new type var, so we can maybe still infer it.
    fn insert_type_vars_shallow(&mut self, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
        match ty {
            Ty::Unknown => self.new_type_var(),
            Ty::Int(primitive::UncertainIntTy::Unknown) => self.new_integer_var(),
            Ty::Float(primitive::UncertainFloatTy::Unknown) => self.new_float_var(),
            _ => ty,
        }
    }

    fn insert_type_vars(&mut self, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
        ty.fold(&mut |ty| self.insert_type_vars_shallow(ty))
    }

    /// Resolves the type as far as currently possible, replacing type variables
    /// by their known types. All types returned by the infer_* functions should
    /// be resolved as far as possible, i.e. contain no type variables with
    /// known type.
    fn resolve_ty_as_possible(&mut self, tv_stack: &mut Vec<TypeVarId>, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty {
            Ty::Infer(tv) => {
                let inner = tv.to_inner();
                if tv_stack.contains(&inner) {
                    tested_by!(type_var_cycles_resolve_as_possible);
                    // recursive type
                    return tv.fallback_value();
                }
                if let Some(known_ty) = self.var_unification_table.probe_value(inner).known() {
                    // known_ty may contain other variables that are known by now
                    tv_stack.push(inner);
                    let result = self.resolve_ty_as_possible(tv_stack, known_ty.clone());
                    tv_stack.pop();
                    result
                } else {
                    ty
                }
            }
            _ => ty,
        })
    }

    /// If `ty` is a type variable with known type, returns that type;
    /// otherwise, return ty.
    fn resolve_ty_shallow<'b>(&mut self, ty: &'b Ty) -> Cow<'b, Ty> {
        let mut ty = Cow::Borrowed(ty);
        // The type variable could resolve to a int/float variable. Hence try
        // resolving up to three times; each type of variable shouldn't occur
        // more than once
        for i in 0..3 {
            if i > 0 {
                tested_by!(type_var_resolves_to_int_var);
            }
            match &*ty {
                Ty::Infer(tv) => {
                    let inner = tv.to_inner();
                    match self.var_unification_table.probe_value(inner).known() {
                        Some(known_ty) => {
                            // The known_ty can't be a type var itself
                            ty = Cow::Owned(known_ty.clone());
                        }
                        _ => return ty,
                    }
                }
                _ => return ty,
            }
        }
        log::error!("Inference variable still not resolved: {:?}", ty);
        ty
    }

    /// Resolves the type completely; type variables without known type are
    /// replaced by Ty::Unknown.
    fn resolve_ty_completely(&mut self, tv_stack: &mut Vec<TypeVarId>, ty: Ty) -> Ty {
        ty.fold(&mut |ty| match ty {
            Ty::Infer(tv) => {
                let inner = tv.to_inner();
                if tv_stack.contains(&inner) {
                    tested_by!(type_var_cycles_resolve_completely);
                    // recursive type
                    return tv.fallback_value();
                }
                if let Some(known_ty) = self.var_unification_table.probe_value(inner).known() {
                    // known_ty may contain other variables that are known by now
                    tv_stack.push(inner);
                    let result = self.resolve_ty_completely(tv_stack, known_ty.clone());
                    tv_stack.pop();
                    result
                } else {
                    tv.fallback_value()
                }
            }
            _ => ty,
        })
    }

    fn infer_path_expr(&mut self, resolver: &Resolver, path: &Path) -> Option<Ty> {
        let resolved = resolver.resolve_path(self.db, &path).take_values()?;
        match resolved {
            Resolution::Def(def) => {
                let typable: Option<TypableDef> = def.into();
                let typable = typable?;
                let substs = Ty::substs_from_path(self.db, &self.resolver, path, typable);
                let ty = self.db.type_for_def(typable, Namespace::Values).apply_substs(substs);
                let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty);
                Some(ty)
            }
            Resolution::LocalBinding(pat) => {
                let ty = self.type_of_pat.get(pat)?;
                let ty = self.resolve_ty_as_possible(&mut vec![], ty.clone());
                Some(ty)
            }
            Resolution::GenericParam(..) => {
                // generic params can't refer to values... yet
                None
            }
            Resolution::SelfType(_) => {
                log::error!("path expr {:?} resolved to Self type in values ns", path);
                None
            }
        }
    }

    fn resolve_variant(&mut self, path: Option<&Path>) -> (Ty, Option<VariantDef>) {
        let path = match path {
            Some(path) => path,
            None => return (Ty::Unknown, None),
        };
        let resolver = &self.resolver;
        let typable: Option<TypableDef> = match resolver.resolve_path(self.db, &path).take_types() {
            Some(Resolution::Def(def)) => def.into(),
            Some(Resolution::LocalBinding(..)) => {
                // this cannot happen
                log::error!("path resolved to local binding in type ns");
                return (Ty::Unknown, None);
            }
            Some(Resolution::GenericParam(..)) => {
                // generic params can't be used in struct literals
                return (Ty::Unknown, None);
            }
            Some(Resolution::SelfType(..)) => {
                // TODO this is allowed in an impl for a struct, handle this
                return (Ty::Unknown, None);
            }
            None => return (Ty::Unknown, None),
        };
        let def = match typable {
            None => return (Ty::Unknown, None),
            Some(it) => it,
        };
        // TODO remove the duplication between here and `Ty::from_path`?
        let substs = Ty::substs_from_path(self.db, resolver, path, def);
        match def {
            TypableDef::Struct(s) => {
                let ty = s.ty(self.db);
                let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.apply_substs(substs));
                (ty, Some(s.into()))
            }
            TypableDef::EnumVariant(var) => {
                let ty = var.parent_enum(self.db).ty(self.db);
                let ty = self.insert_type_vars(ty.apply_substs(substs));
                (ty, Some(var.into()))
            }
            TypableDef::Function(_) | TypableDef::Enum(_) => (Ty::Unknown, None),
        }
    }

    fn infer_tuple_struct_pat(
        &mut self,
        path: Option<&Path>,
        subpats: &[PatId],
        expected: &Ty,
    ) -> Ty {
        let (ty, def) = self.resolve_variant(path);

        self.unify(&ty, expected);

        let substs = ty.substs().unwrap_or_else(Substs::empty);

        for (i, &subpat) in subpats.iter().enumerate() {
            let expected_ty = def
                .and_then(|d| d.field(self.db, &Name::tuple_field_name(i)))
                .map_or(Ty::Unknown, |field| field.ty(self.db))
                .subst(&substs);
            self.infer_pat(subpat, &expected_ty);
        }

        ty
    }

    fn infer_struct_pat(&mut self, path: Option<&Path>, subpats: &[FieldPat], expected: &Ty) -> Ty {
        let (ty, def) = self.resolve_variant(path);

        self.unify(&ty, expected);

        let substs = ty.substs().unwrap_or_else(Substs::empty);

        for subpat in subpats {
            let matching_field = def.and_then(|it| it.field(self.db, &subpat.name));
            let expected_ty =
                matching_field.map_or(Ty::Unknown, |field| field.ty(self.db)).subst(&substs);
            self.infer_pat(subpat.pat, &expected_ty);
        }

        ty
    }

    fn infer_pat(&mut self, pat: PatId, expected: &Ty) -> Ty {
        let body = Arc::clone(&self.body); // avoid borrow checker problem

        let ty = match &body[pat] {
            Pat::Tuple(ref args) => {
                let expectations = match *expected {
                    Ty::Tuple(ref tuple_args) => &**tuple_args,
                    _ => &[],
                };
                let expectations_iter = expectations.iter().chain(repeat(&Ty::Unknown));

                let inner_tys = args
                    .iter()
                    .zip(expectations_iter)
                    .map(|(&pat, ty)| self.infer_pat(pat, ty))
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .into();

                Ty::Tuple(inner_tys)
            }
            Pat::Ref { pat, mutability } => {
                let expectation = match *expected {
                    Ty::Ref(ref sub_ty, exp_mut) => {
                        if *mutability != exp_mut {
                            // TODO: emit type error?
                        }
                        &**sub_ty
                    }
                    _ => &Ty::Unknown,
                };
                let subty = self.infer_pat(*pat, expectation);
                Ty::Ref(subty.into(), *mutability)
            }
            Pat::TupleStruct { path: ref p, args: ref subpats } => {
                self.infer_tuple_struct_pat(p.as_ref(), subpats, expected)
            }
            Pat::Struct { path: ref p, args: ref fields } => {
                self.infer_struct_pat(p.as_ref(), fields, expected)
            }
            Pat::Path(path) => {
                // TODO use correct resolver for the surrounding expression
                let resolver = self.resolver.clone();
                self.infer_path_expr(&resolver, &path).unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown)
            }
            Pat::Bind { mode, name: _name, subpat } => {
                let inner_ty = if let Some(subpat) = subpat {
                    self.infer_pat(*subpat, expected)
                } else {
                    expected.clone()
                };
                let inner_ty = self.insert_type_vars_shallow(inner_ty);

                let bound_ty = match mode {
                    BindingAnnotation::Ref => Ty::Ref(inner_ty.clone().into(), Mutability::Shared),
                    BindingAnnotation::RefMut => Ty::Ref(inner_ty.clone().into(), Mutability::Mut),
                    BindingAnnotation::Mutable | BindingAnnotation::Unannotated => inner_ty.clone(),
                };
                let bound_ty = self.resolve_ty_as_possible(&mut vec![], bound_ty);
                self.write_pat_ty(pat, bound_ty);
                return inner_ty;
            }
            _ => Ty::Unknown,
        };
        // use a new type variable if we got Ty::Unknown here
        let ty = self.insert_type_vars_shallow(ty);
        self.unify(&ty, expected);
        let ty = self.resolve_ty_as_possible(&mut vec![], ty);
        self.write_pat_ty(pat, ty.clone());
        ty
    }

    fn infer_expr(&mut self, tgt_expr: ExprId, expected: &Expectation) -> Ty {
        let body = Arc::clone(&self.body); // avoid borrow checker problem
        let ty = match &body[tgt_expr] {
            Expr::Missing => Ty::Unknown,
            Expr::If { condition, then_branch, else_branch } => {
                // if let is desugared to match, so this is always simple if
                self.infer_expr(*condition, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Bool));
                let then_ty = self.infer_expr(*then_branch, expected);
                match else_branch {
                    Some(else_branch) => {
                        self.infer_expr(*else_branch, expected);
                    }
                    None => {
                        // no else branch -> unit
                        self.unify(&then_ty, &Ty::unit()); // actually coerce
                    }
                };
                then_ty
            }
            Expr::Block { statements, tail } => self.infer_block(statements, *tail, expected),
            Expr::Loop { body } => {
                self.infer_expr(*body, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::unit()));
                // TODO handle break with value
                Ty::Never
            }
            Expr::While { condition, body } => {
                // while let is desugared to a match loop, so this is always simple while
                self.infer_expr(*condition, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Bool));
                self.infer_expr(*body, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::unit()));
                Ty::unit()
            }
            Expr::For { iterable, body, pat } => {
                let _iterable_ty = self.infer_expr(*iterable, &Expectation::none());
                self.infer_pat(*pat, &Ty::Unknown);
                self.infer_expr(*body, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::unit()));
                Ty::unit()
            }
            Expr::Lambda { body, args, arg_types } => {
                assert_eq!(args.len(), arg_types.len());

                for (arg_pat, arg_type) in args.iter().zip(arg_types.iter()) {
                    let expected = if let Some(type_ref) = arg_type {
                        let ty = self.make_ty(type_ref);
                        ty
                    } else {
                        Ty::Unknown
                    };
                    self.infer_pat(*arg_pat, &expected);
                }

                // TODO: infer lambda type etc.
                let _body_ty = self.infer_expr(*body, &Expectation::none());
                Ty::Unknown
            }
            Expr::Call { callee, args } => {
                let callee_ty = self.infer_expr(*callee, &Expectation::none());
                let (param_tys, ret_ty) = match &callee_ty {
                    Ty::FnPtr(sig) => (sig.input.clone(), sig.output.clone()),
                    Ty::FnDef { substs, sig, .. } => {
                        let ret_ty = sig.output.clone().subst(&substs);
                        let param_tys =
                            sig.input.iter().map(|ty| ty.clone().subst(&substs)).collect();
                        (param_tys, ret_ty)
                    }
                    _ => {
                        // not callable
                        // TODO report an error?
                        (Vec::new(), Ty::Unknown)
                    }
                };
                let param_iter = param_tys.into_iter().chain(repeat(Ty::Unknown));
                for (arg, param) in args.iter().zip(param_iter) {
                    self.infer_expr(*arg, &Expectation::has_type(param));
                }
                ret_ty
            }
            Expr::MethodCall { receiver, args, method_name, generic_args } => {
                let receiver_ty = self.infer_expr(*receiver, &Expectation::none());
                let resolved = receiver_ty.clone().lookup_method(self.db, method_name);
                let (derefed_receiver_ty, method_ty, def_generics) = match resolved {
                    Some((ty, func)) => {
                        self.write_method_resolution(tgt_expr, func);
                        (
                            ty,
                            self.db.type_for_def(func.into(), Namespace::Values),
                            Some(func.generic_params(self.db)),
                        )
                    }
                    None => (Ty::Unknown, receiver_ty, None),
                };
                // handle provided type arguments
                let method_ty = if let Some(generic_args) = generic_args {
                    // if args are provided, it should be all of them, but we can't rely on that
                    let param_count = def_generics.map(|g| g.params.len()).unwrap_or(0);
                    let mut new_substs = Vec::with_capacity(generic_args.args.len());
                    for arg in generic_args.args.iter().take(param_count) {
                        match arg {
                            GenericArg::Type(type_ref) => {
                                let ty = self.make_ty(type_ref);
                                new_substs.push(ty);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    let substs = method_ty.substs().unwrap_or_else(Substs::empty);
                    let substs = substs.replace_tail(new_substs);
                    method_ty.apply_substs(substs)
                } else {
                    method_ty
                };
                let method_ty = self.insert_type_vars(method_ty);
                let (expected_receiver_ty, param_tys, ret_ty) = match &method_ty {
                    Ty::FnPtr(sig) => {
                        if !sig.input.is_empty() {
                            (sig.input[0].clone(), sig.input[1..].to_vec(), sig.output.clone())
                        } else {
                            (Ty::Unknown, Vec::new(), sig.output.clone())
                        }
                    }
                    Ty::FnDef { substs, sig, .. } => {
                        let ret_ty = sig.output.clone().subst(&substs);

                        if !sig.input.is_empty() {
                            let mut arg_iter = sig.input.iter().map(|ty| ty.clone().subst(&substs));
                            let receiver_ty = arg_iter.next().unwrap();
                            (receiver_ty, arg_iter.collect(), ret_ty)
                        } else {
                            (Ty::Unknown, Vec::new(), ret_ty)
                        }
                    }
                    _ => (Ty::Unknown, Vec::new(), Ty::Unknown),
                };
                // Apply autoref so the below unification works correctly
                let actual_receiver_ty = match expected_receiver_ty {
                    Ty::Ref(_, mutability) => Ty::Ref(Arc::new(derefed_receiver_ty), mutability),
                    _ => derefed_receiver_ty,
                };
                self.unify(&expected_receiver_ty, &actual_receiver_ty);

                let param_iter = param_tys.into_iter().chain(repeat(Ty::Unknown));
                for (arg, param) in args.iter().zip(param_iter) {
                    self.infer_expr(*arg, &Expectation::has_type(param));
                }
                ret_ty
            }
            Expr::Match { expr, arms } => {
                let expected = if expected.ty == Ty::Unknown {
                    Expectation::has_type(self.new_type_var())
                } else {
                    expected.clone()
                };
                let input_ty = self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());

                for arm in arms {
                    for &pat in &arm.pats {
                        let _pat_ty = self.infer_pat(pat, &input_ty);
                    }
                    if let Some(guard_expr) = arm.guard {
                        self.infer_expr(guard_expr, &Expectation::has_type(Ty::Bool));
                    }
                    self.infer_expr(arm.expr, &expected);
                }

                expected.ty
            }
            Expr::Path(p) => {
                // TODO this could be more efficient...
                let resolver = expr::resolver_for_expr(self.body.clone(), self.db, tgt_expr);
                self.infer_path_expr(&resolver, p).unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown)
            }
            Expr::Continue => Ty::Never,
            Expr::Break { expr } => {
                if let Some(expr) = expr {
                    // TODO handle break with value
                    self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
                }
                Ty::Never
            }
            Expr::Return { expr } => {
                if let Some(expr) = expr {
                    self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(self.return_ty.clone()));
                }
                Ty::Never
            }
            Expr::StructLit { path, fields, spread } => {
                let (ty, def_id) = self.resolve_variant(path.as_ref());
                let substs = ty.substs().unwrap_or_else(Substs::empty);
                for field in fields {
                    let field_ty = def_id
                        .and_then(|it| it.field(self.db, &field.name))
                        .map_or(Ty::Unknown, |field| field.ty(self.db))
                        .subst(&substs);
                    self.infer_expr(field.expr, &Expectation::has_type(field_ty));
                }
                if let Some(expr) = spread {
                    self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(ty.clone()));
                }
                ty
            }
            Expr::Field { expr, name } => {
                let receiver_ty = self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
                let ty = receiver_ty
                    .autoderef(self.db)
                    .find_map(|derefed_ty| match derefed_ty {
                        Ty::Tuple(fields) => {
                            let i = name.to_string().parse::<usize>().ok();
                            i.and_then(|i| fields.get(i).cloned())
                        }
                        Ty::Adt { def_id: AdtDef::Struct(s), ref substs, .. } => {
                            s.field(self.db, name).map(|field| {
                                self.write_field_resolution(tgt_expr, field);
                                field.ty(self.db).subst(substs)
                            })
                        }
                        _ => None,
                    })
                    .unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown);
                self.insert_type_vars(ty)
            }
            Expr::Try { expr } => {
                let _inner_ty = self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
                Ty::Unknown
            }
            Expr::Cast { expr, type_ref } => {
                let _inner_ty = self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
                let cast_ty = self.make_ty(type_ref);
                // TODO check the cast...
                cast_ty
            }
            Expr::Ref { expr, mutability } => {
                let expectation = if let Ty::Ref(ref subty, expected_mutability) = expected.ty {
                    if expected_mutability == Mutability::Mut && *mutability == Mutability::Shared {
                        // TODO: throw type error - expected mut reference but found shared ref,
                        // which cannot be coerced
                    }
                    Expectation::has_type((**subty).clone())
                } else {
                    Expectation::none()
                };
                // TODO reference coercions etc.
                let inner_ty = self.infer_expr(*expr, &expectation);
                Ty::Ref(Arc::new(inner_ty), *mutability)
            }
            Expr::UnaryOp { expr, op } => {
                let inner_ty = self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
                match op {
                    UnaryOp::Deref => {
                        if let Some(derefed_ty) = inner_ty.builtin_deref() {
                            derefed_ty
                        } else {
                            // TODO Deref::deref
                            Ty::Unknown
                        }
                    }
                    UnaryOp::Neg => {
                        match inner_ty {
                            Ty::Int(primitive::UncertainIntTy::Unknown)
                            | Ty::Int(primitive::UncertainIntTy::Signed(..))
                            | Ty::Infer(InferTy::IntVar(..))
                            | Ty::Infer(InferTy::FloatVar(..))
                            | Ty::Float(..) => inner_ty,
                            // TODO: resolve ops::Neg trait
                            _ => Ty::Unknown,
                        }
                    }
                    UnaryOp::Not => {
                        match inner_ty {
                            Ty::Bool | Ty::Int(_) | Ty::Infer(InferTy::IntVar(..)) => inner_ty,
                            // TODO: resolve ops::Not trait for inner_ty
                            _ => Ty::Unknown,
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            Expr::BinaryOp { lhs, rhs, op } => match op {
                Some(op) => {
                    let lhs_expectation = match op {
                        BinaryOp::BooleanAnd | BinaryOp::BooleanOr => {
                            Expectation::has_type(Ty::Bool)
                        }
                        _ => Expectation::none(),
                    };
                    let lhs_ty = self.infer_expr(*lhs, &lhs_expectation);
                    // TODO: find implementation of trait corresponding to operation
                    // symbol and resolve associated `Output` type
                    let rhs_expectation = binary_op_rhs_expectation(*op, lhs_ty);
                    let rhs_ty = self.infer_expr(*rhs, &Expectation::has_type(rhs_expectation));

                    // TODO: similar as above, return ty is often associated trait type
                    binary_op_return_ty(*op, rhs_ty)
                }
                _ => Ty::Unknown,
            },
            Expr::Tuple { exprs } => {
                let mut ty_vec = Vec::with_capacity(exprs.len());
                for arg in exprs.iter() {
                    ty_vec.push(self.infer_expr(*arg, &Expectation::none()));
                }

                Ty::Tuple(Arc::from(ty_vec))
            }
            Expr::Array { exprs } => {
                let elem_ty = match &expected.ty {
                    Ty::Slice(inner) | Ty::Array(inner) => Ty::clone(&inner),
                    _ => self.new_type_var(),
                };

                for expr in exprs.iter() {
                    self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(elem_ty.clone()));
                }

                Ty::Array(Arc::new(elem_ty))
            }
            Expr::Literal(lit) => match lit {
                Literal::Bool(..) => Ty::Bool,
                Literal::String(..) => Ty::Ref(Arc::new(Ty::Str), Mutability::Shared),
                Literal::ByteString(..) => {
                    let byte_type = Arc::new(Ty::Int(primitive::UncertainIntTy::Unsigned(
                        primitive::UintTy::U8,
                    )));
                    let slice_type = Arc::new(Ty::Slice(byte_type));
                    Ty::Ref(slice_type, Mutability::Shared)
                }
                Literal::Char(..) => Ty::Char,
                Literal::Int(_v, ty) => Ty::Int(*ty),
                Literal::Float(_v, ty) => Ty::Float(*ty),
            },
        };
        // use a new type variable if we got Ty::Unknown here
        let ty = self.insert_type_vars_shallow(ty);
        self.unify(&ty, &expected.ty);
        let ty = self.resolve_ty_as_possible(&mut vec![], ty);
        self.write_expr_ty(tgt_expr, ty.clone());
        ty
    }

    fn infer_block(
        &mut self,
        statements: &[Statement],
        tail: Option<ExprId>,
        expected: &Expectation,
    ) -> Ty {
        for stmt in statements {
            match stmt {
                Statement::Let { pat, type_ref, initializer } => {
                    let decl_ty =
                        type_ref.as_ref().map(|tr| self.make_ty(tr)).unwrap_or(Ty::Unknown);
                    let decl_ty = self.insert_type_vars(decl_ty);
                    let ty = if let Some(expr) = initializer {
                        let expr_ty = self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::has_type(decl_ty));
                        expr_ty
                    } else {
                        decl_ty
                    };

                    self.infer_pat(*pat, &ty);
                }
                Statement::Expr(expr) => {
                    self.infer_expr(*expr, &Expectation::none());
                }
            }
        }
        let ty = if let Some(expr) = tail { self.infer_expr(expr, expected) } else { Ty::unit() };
        ty
    }

    fn collect_fn_signature(&mut self, signature: &FnSignature) {
        let body = Arc::clone(&self.body); // avoid borrow checker problem
        for (type_ref, pat) in signature.params().iter().zip(body.params()) {
            let ty = self.make_ty(type_ref);

            self.infer_pat(*pat, &ty);
        }
        self.return_ty = self.make_ty(signature.ret_type());
    }

    fn infer_body(&mut self) {
        self.infer_expr(self.body.body_expr(), &Expectation::has_type(self.return_ty.clone()));
    }
}

pub fn infer(db: &impl HirDatabase, func: Function) -> Arc<InferenceResult> {
    db.check_canceled();
    let body = func.body(db);
    let resolver = func.resolver(db);
    let mut ctx = InferenceContext::new(db, body, resolver);

    let signature = func.signature(db);
    ctx.collect_fn_signature(&signature);

    ctx.infer_body();

    Arc::new(ctx.resolve_all())
}