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@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@
28 26/01 — 2022 28 26/01 — 2022
29 <div class="stats"> 29 <div class="stats">
30 <span class="stats-number"> 30 <span class="stats-number">
31 170.62 31 170.63
32 </span> 32 </span>
33 <span class="stats-unit">cm</span> 33 <span class="stats-unit">cm</span>
34 &nbsp 34 &nbsp
35 <span class="stats-number"> 35 <span class="stats-number">
36 8.5 36 8.6
37 </span> 37 </span>
38 <span class="stats-unit">min</span> 38 <span class="stats-unit">min</span>
39 </div> 39 </div>
@@ -42,14 +42,23 @@
42 Lightweight Linting 42 Lightweight Linting
43 </h1> 43 </h1>
44 <div class="post-text"> 44 <div class="post-text">
45 <p><a href="https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/using-parsers#pattern-matching-with-queries">Tree-sitter</a> queries allow you to search for patterns in syntax trees, much like a regex would, in text. Combine that with some Rust glue to write simple, custom linters.</p> 45 <p><a
46href="https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/using-parsers#pattern-matching-with-queries">Tree-sitter</a>
47queries allow you to search for patterns in syntax trees, much like a
48regex would, in text. Combine that with some Rust glue to write simple,
49custom linters.</p>
46<h3 id="tree-sitter-syntax-trees">Tree-sitter syntax trees</h3> 50<h3 id="tree-sitter-syntax-trees">Tree-sitter syntax trees</h3>
47<p>Here is a quick crash course on syntax trees generated by tree-sitter. Syntax trees produced by tree-sitter are represented by S-expressions. The generated S-expression for the following Rust code,</p> 51<p>Here is a quick crash course on syntax trees generated by
48<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">fn</span> main() <span class="op">{</span></span> 52tree-sitter. Syntax trees produced by tree-sitter are represented by
53S-expressions. The generated S-expression for the following Rust
54code,</p>
55<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre
56class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">fn</span> main() <span class="op">{</span></span>
49<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">let</span> x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">;</span></span> 57<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">let</span> x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
50<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div> 58<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
51<p>would be:</p> 59<p>would be:</p>
52<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(source_file</span> 60<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre
61class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(source_file</span>
53<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (function_item</span> 62<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (function_item</span>
54<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> name: (identifier)</span> 63<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> name: (identifier)</span>
55<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> parameters: (parameters)</span> 64<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> parameters: (parameters)</span>
@@ -58,13 +67,19 @@
58<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (let_declaration </span> 67<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (let_declaration </span>
59<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier)</span> 68<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier)</span>
60<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal)))))</span></code></pre></div> 69<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal)))))</span></code></pre></div>
61<p>Syntax trees generated by tree-sitter have a couple of other cool properties: they are <em>lossless</em> syntax trees. Given a lossless syntax tree, you can regenerate the original source code in its entirety. Consider the following addition to our example:</p> 70<p>Syntax trees generated by tree-sitter have a couple of other cool
62<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">fn</span> main() <span class="op">{</span></span> 71properties: they are <em>lossless</em> syntax trees. Given a lossless
72syntax tree, you can regenerate the original source code in its
73entirety. Consider the following addition to our example:</p>
74<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre
75class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">fn</span> main() <span class="op">{</span></span>
63<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">+</span> <span class="co">// a comment goes here</span></span> 76<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">+</span> <span class="co">// a comment goes here</span></span>
64<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">let</span> x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">;</span></span> 77<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">let</span> x <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
65<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div> 78<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
66<p>The tree-sitter syntax tree preserves the comment, while the typical abstract syntax tree wouldn’t:</p> 79<p>The tree-sitter syntax tree preserves the comment, while the typical
67<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (source_file</span> 80abstract syntax tree wouldn’t:</p>
81<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre
82class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (source_file</span>
68<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (function_item</span> 83<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (function_item</span>
69<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> name: (identifier)</span> 84<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> name: (identifier)</span>
70<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> parameters: (parameters)</span> 85<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> parameters: (parameters)</span>
@@ -75,25 +90,34 @@
75<span id="cb4-9"><a href="#cb4-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier)</span> 90<span id="cb4-9"><a href="#cb4-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier)</span>
76<span id="cb4-10"><a href="#cb4-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal)))))</span></code></pre></div> 91<span id="cb4-10"><a href="#cb4-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal)))))</span></code></pre></div>
77<h3 id="tree-sitter-queries">Tree-sitter queries</h3> 92<h3 id="tree-sitter-queries">Tree-sitter queries</h3>
78<p>Tree-sitter provides a DSL to match over CSTs. These queries resemble our S-expression syntax trees, here is a query to match all line comments in a Rust CST:</p> 93<p>Tree-sitter provides a DSL to match over CSTs. These queries resemble
79<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(line_comment)</span> 94our S-expression syntax trees, here is a query to match all line
95comments in a Rust CST:</p>
96<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre
97class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(line_comment)</span>
80<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 98<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
81<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; matches the following rust code</span></span> 99<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; matches the following rust code</span></span>
82<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; // a comment goes here</span></span></code></pre></div> 100<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; // a comment goes here</span></span></code></pre></div>
83<p>Neat, eh? But don’t take my word for it, give it a go on the <a href="https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/playground">tree-sitter playground</a>. Type in a query like so:</p> 101<p>Neat, eh? But don’t take my word for it, give it a go on the <a
84<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; the web playground requires you to specify a &quot;capture&quot;</span></span> 102href="https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/playground">tree-sitter
103playground</a>. Type in a query like so:</p>
104<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre
105class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; the web playground requires you to specify a &quot;capture&quot;</span></span>
85<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; you will notice the capture and the nodes it captured</span></span> 106<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; you will notice the capture and the nodes it captured</span></span>
86<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; turn blue</span></span> 107<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; turn blue</span></span>
87<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(line_comment) @capture</span></code></pre></div> 108<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(line_comment) @capture</span></code></pre></div>
88<p>Here’s another to match <code>let</code> expressions that bind an integer to an identifier:</p> 109<p>Here’s another to match <code>let</code> expressions that bind an
89<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(let_declaration</span> 110integer to an identifier:</p>
111<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre
112class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(let_declaration</span>
90<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier)</span> 113<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier)</span>
91<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal))</span> 114<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal))</span>
92<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span> 115<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
93<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; matches:</span></span> 116<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; matches:</span></span>
94<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let foo = 2;</span></span></code></pre></div> 117<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let foo = 2;</span></span></code></pre></div>
95<p>We can <em>capture</em> nodes into variables:</p> 118<p>We can <em>capture</em> nodes into variables:</p>
96<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(let_declaration </span> 119<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre
120class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(let_declaration </span>
97<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier) @my-capture</span> 121<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier) @my-capture</span>
98<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal))</span> 122<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal))</span>
99<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span> 123<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
@@ -103,7 +127,8 @@
103<span id="cb8-8"><a href="#cb8-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; captures:</span></span> 127<span id="cb8-8"><a href="#cb8-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; captures:</span></span>
104<span id="cb8-9"><a href="#cb8-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; foo</span></span></code></pre></div> 128<span id="cb8-9"><a href="#cb8-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; foo</span></span></code></pre></div>
105<p>And apply certain <em>predicates</em> to captures:</p> 129<p>And apply certain <em>predicates</em> to captures:</p>
106<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((let_declaration</span> 130<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre
131class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((let_declaration</span>
107<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier) @my-capture</span> 132<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier) @my-capture</span>
108<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal))</span> 133<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal))</span>
109<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (<span class="sc">#e</span>q? @my-capture <span class="st">&quot;foo&quot;</span>))</span> 134<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (<span class="sc">#e</span>q? @my-capture <span class="st">&quot;foo&quot;</span>))</span>
@@ -113,8 +138,10 @@
113<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 138<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
114<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; and not:</span></span> 139<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; and not:</span></span>
115<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let bar = 2;</span></span></code></pre></div> 140<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let bar = 2;</span></span></code></pre></div>
116<p>The <code>#match?</code> predicate checks if a capture matches a regex:</p> 141<p>The <code>#match?</code> predicate checks if a capture matches a
117<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((let_declaration</span> 142regex:</p>
143<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre
144class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((let_declaration</span>
118<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier) @my-capture</span> 145<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier) @my-capture</span>
119<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal))</span> 146<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (integer_literal))</span>
120<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (#match? @my-capture <span class="st">&quot;foo|bar&quot;</span>))</span> 147<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (#match? @my-capture <span class="st">&quot;foo|bar&quot;</span>))</span>
@@ -122,8 +149,10 @@
122<span id="cb10-6"><a href="#cb10-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; matches both `foo` and `bar`:</span></span> 149<span id="cb10-6"><a href="#cb10-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; matches both `foo` and `bar`:</span></span>
123<span id="cb10-7"><a href="#cb10-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let foo = 2;</span></span> 150<span id="cb10-7"><a href="#cb10-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let foo = 2;</span></span>
124<span id="cb10-8"><a href="#cb10-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let bar = 2;</span></span></code></pre></div> 151<span id="cb10-8"><a href="#cb10-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let bar = 2;</span></span></code></pre></div>
125<p>Exhibit indifference, as a stoic programmer would, with the <em>wildcard</em> pattern:</p> 152<p>Exhibit indifference, as a stoic programmer would, with the
126<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(let_declaration</span> 153<em>wildcard</em> pattern:</p>
154<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre
155class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(let_declaration</span>
127<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier)</span> 156<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> pattern: (identifier)</span>
128<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (<span class="op">_</span>))</span> 157<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> value: (<span class="op">_</span>))</span>
129<span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span> 158<span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
@@ -131,73 +160,106 @@
131<span id="cb11-6"><a href="#cb11-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let foo = &quot;foo&quot;;</span></span> 160<span id="cb11-6"><a href="#cb11-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let foo = &quot;foo&quot;;</span></span>
132<span id="cb11-7"><a href="#cb11-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let foo = 42;</span></span> 161<span id="cb11-7"><a href="#cb11-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let foo = 42;</span></span>
133<span id="cb11-8"><a href="#cb11-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let foo = bar;</span></span></code></pre></div> 162<span id="cb11-8"><a href="#cb11-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">; let foo = bar;</span></span></code></pre></div>
134<p><a href="https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/using-parsers#pattern-matching-with-queries">The documentation</a> does the tree-sitter query DSL more justice, but we now know enough to write our first lint.</p> 163<p><a
164href="https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/using-parsers#pattern-matching-with-queries">The
165documentation</a> does the tree-sitter query DSL more justice, but we
166now know enough to write our first lint.</p>
135<h3 id="write-you-a-tree-sitter-lint">Write you a tree-sitter lint</h3> 167<h3 id="write-you-a-tree-sitter-lint">Write you a tree-sitter lint</h3>
136<p>Strings in <code>std::env</code> functions are error prone:</p> 168<p>Strings in <code>std::env</code> functions are error prone:</p>
137<div class="sourceCode" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">std::env::</span>remove_var(<span class="st">&quot;RUST_BACKTACE&quot;</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span> 169<div class="sourceCode" id="cb12"><pre
170class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">std::env::</span>remove_var(<span class="st">&quot;RUST_BACKTACE&quot;</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span>
138<span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// ^^^^ &quot;TACE&quot; instead of &quot;TRACE&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div> 171<span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// ^^^^ &quot;TACE&quot; instead of &quot;TRACE&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div>
139<p>I prefer this instead:</p> 172<p>I prefer this instead:</p>
140<div class="sourceCode" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// somewhere in a module that is well spellchecked</span></span> 173<div class="sourceCode" id="cb13"><pre
174class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// somewhere in a module that is well spellchecked</span></span>
141<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">static</span> BACKTRACE<span class="op">:</span> <span class="op">&amp;</span><span class="dt">str</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">&quot;RUST_BACKTRACE&quot;</span><span class="op">;</span></span> 175<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">static</span> BACKTRACE<span class="op">:</span> <span class="op">&amp;</span><span class="dt">str</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">&quot;RUST_BACKTRACE&quot;</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
142<span id="cb13-3"><a href="#cb13-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 176<span id="cb13-3"><a href="#cb13-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
143<span id="cb13-4"><a href="#cb13-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// rest of the codebase</span></span> 177<span id="cb13-4"><a href="#cb13-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// rest of the codebase</span></span>
144<span id="cb13-5"><a href="#cb13-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">std::env::</span>remove_var(BACKTRACE)<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div> 178<span id="cb13-5"><a href="#cb13-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">std::env::</span>remove_var(BACKTRACE)<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div>
145<p>Let’s write a lint to find <code>std::env</code> functions that use strings. Put aside the effectiveness of this lint for the moment, and take a stab at writing a tree-sitter query. For reference, a function call like so:</p> 179<p>Let’s write a lint to find <code>std::env</code> functions that use
146<div class="sourceCode" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>remove_var(<span class="st">&quot;RUST_BACKTRACE&quot;</span>)</span></code></pre></div> 180strings. Put aside the effectiveness of this lint for the moment, and
181take a stab at writing a tree-sitter query. For reference, a function
182call like so:</p>
183<div class="sourceCode" id="cb14"><pre
184class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>remove_var(<span class="st">&quot;RUST_BACKTRACE&quot;</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
147<p>Produces the following S-expression:</p> 185<p>Produces the following S-expression:</p>
148<div class="sourceCode" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(call_expression</span> 186<div class="sourceCode" id="cb15"><pre
187class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(call_expression</span>
149<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> function: (identifier)</span> 188<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> function: (identifier)</span>
150<span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> arguments: (arguments (string_literal)))</span></code></pre></div> 189<span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> arguments: (arguments (string_literal)))</span></code></pre></div>
151<p>We are definitely looking for a <code>call_expression</code>:</p> 190<p>We are definitely looking for a <code>call_expression</code>:</p>
152<div class="sourceCode" id="cb16"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(call_expression) @raise</span></code></pre></div> 191<div class="sourceCode" id="cb16"><pre
153<p>Whose function name matches <code>std::env::var</code> or <code>std::env::remove_var</code> at the very least (I know, I know, this isn’t the most optimal regex):</p> 192class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>(call_expression) @raise</span></code></pre></div>
154<div class="sourceCode" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((call_expression</span> 193<p>Whose function name matches <code>std::env::var</code> or
194<code>std::env::remove_var</code> at the very least (I know, I know,
195this isn’t the most optimal regex):</p>
196<div class="sourceCode" id="cb17"><pre
197class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((call_expression</span>
155<span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> function: (<span class="op">_</span>) @fn-name) @raise</span> 198<span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> function: (<span class="op">_</span>) @fn-name) @raise</span>
156<span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (#match? @fn-name <span class="st">&quot;std::env::(var|remove_var)&quot;</span>))</span></code></pre></div> 199<span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (#match? @fn-name <span class="st">&quot;std::env::(var|remove_var)&quot;</span>))</span></code></pre></div>
157<p>Let’s turn that <code>std::</code> prefix optional:</p> 200<p>Let’s turn that <code>std::</code> prefix optional:</p>
158<div class="sourceCode" id="cb18"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((call_expression</span> 201<div class="sourceCode" id="cb18"><pre
202class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((call_expression</span>
159<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> function: (<span class="op">_</span>) @fn-name) @raise</span> 203<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> function: (<span class="op">_</span>) @fn-name) @raise</span>
160<span id="cb18-3"><a href="#cb18-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (#match? @fn-name <span class="st">&quot;(std::|)env::(var|remove_var)&quot;</span>))</span></code></pre></div> 204<span id="cb18-3"><a href="#cb18-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (#match? @fn-name <span class="st">&quot;(std::|)env::(var|remove_var)&quot;</span>))</span></code></pre></div>
161<p>And ensure that <code>arguments</code> is a string:</p> 205<p>And ensure that <code>arguments</code> is a string:</p>
162<div class="sourceCode" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((call_expression</span> 206<div class="sourceCode" id="cb19"><pre
207class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((call_expression</span>
163<span id="cb19-2"><a href="#cb19-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> function: (<span class="op">_</span>) @fn-name</span> 208<span id="cb19-2"><a href="#cb19-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> function: (<span class="op">_</span>) @fn-name</span>
164<span id="cb19-3"><a href="#cb19-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> arguments: (arguments (string_literal)))</span> 209<span id="cb19-3"><a href="#cb19-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> arguments: (arguments (string_literal)))</span>
165<span id="cb19-4"><a href="#cb19-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (#match? @fn-name <span class="st">&quot;(std::|)env::(var|remove_var)&quot;</span>))</span></code></pre></div> 210<span id="cb19-4"><a href="#cb19-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (#match? @fn-name <span class="st">&quot;(std::|)env::(var|remove_var)&quot;</span>))</span></code></pre></div>
166<h3 id="running-our-linter">Running our linter</h3> 211<h3 id="running-our-linter">Running our linter</h3>
167<p>We could always plug our query into the web playground, but let’s go a step further:</p> 212<p>We could always plug our query into the web playground, but let’s go
168<div class="sourceCode" id="cb20"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">cargo</span> new <span class="at">--bin</span> toy-lint</span></code></pre></div> 213a step further:</p>
169<p>Add <code>tree-sitter</code> and <code>tree-sitter-rust</code> to your dependencies:</p> 214<div class="sourceCode" id="cb20"><pre
170<div class="sourceCode" id="cb21"><pre class="sourceCode toml"><code class="sourceCode toml"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># within Cargo.toml</span></span> 215class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">cargo</span> new <span class="at">--bin</span> toy-lint</span></code></pre></div>
216<p>Add <code>tree-sitter</code> and <code>tree-sitter-rust</code> to
217your dependencies:</p>
218<div class="sourceCode" id="cb21"><pre
219class="sourceCode toml"><code class="sourceCode toml"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># within Cargo.toml</span></span>
171<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">[</span><span class="dt">dependencies</span><span class="kw">]</span></span> 220<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">[</span><span class="dt">dependencies</span><span class="kw">]</span></span>
172<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">tree-sitter</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">&quot;0.20&quot;</span></span> 221<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">tree-sitter</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">&quot;0.20&quot;</span></span>
173<span id="cb21-4"><a href="#cb21-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 222<span id="cb21-4"><a href="#cb21-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
174<span id="cb21-5"><a href="#cb21-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">[</span><span class="dt">dependencies</span><span class="kw">.</span><span class="dt">tree-sitter-rust</span><span class="kw">]</span></span> 223<span id="cb21-5"><a href="#cb21-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">[</span><span class="dt">dependencies</span><span class="kw">.</span><span class="dt">tree-sitter-rust</span><span class="kw">]</span></span>
175<span id="cb21-6"><a href="#cb21-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">git</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">&quot;https://github.com/tree-sitter/tree-sitter-rust&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div> 224<span id="cb21-6"><a href="#cb21-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">git</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">&quot;https://github.com/tree-sitter/tree-sitter-rust&quot;</span></span></code></pre></div>
176<p>Let’s load in some Rust code to work with. As <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reference">an ode to Gödel</a> (G<code>ode</code>l?), why not load in our linter itself:</p> 225<p>Let’s load in some Rust code to work with. As <a
177<div class="sourceCode" id="cb22"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">fn</span> main() <span class="op">{</span></span> 226href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reference">an ode to Gödel</a>
227(G<code>ode</code>l?), why not load in our linter itself:</p>
228<div class="sourceCode" id="cb22"><pre
229class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">fn</span> main() <span class="op">{</span></span>
178<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">let</span> src <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">include_str!</span>(<span class="st">&quot;main.rs&quot;</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span> 230<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">let</span> src <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">include_str!</span>(<span class="st">&quot;main.rs&quot;</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span>
179<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div> 231<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
180<p>Most tree-sitter APIs require a reference to a <code>Language</code> struct, we will be working with Rust if you haven’t already guessed:</p> 232<p>Most tree-sitter APIs require a reference to a <code>Language</code>
181<div class="sourceCode" id="cb23"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb23-1"><a href="#cb23-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">use</span> <span class="pp">tree_sitter::</span>Language<span class="op">;</span></span> 233struct, we will be working with Rust if you haven’t already guessed:</p>
234<div class="sourceCode" id="cb23"><pre
235class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb23-1"><a href="#cb23-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">use</span> <span class="pp">tree_sitter::</span>Language<span class="op">;</span></span>
182<span id="cb23-2"><a href="#cb23-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 236<span id="cb23-2"><a href="#cb23-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
183<span id="cb23-3"><a href="#cb23-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> rust_lang<span class="op">:</span> Language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">tree_sitter_rust::</span>language()<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div> 237<span id="cb23-3"><a href="#cb23-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> rust_lang<span class="op">:</span> Language <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">tree_sitter_rust::</span>language()<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div>
184<p>Enough scaffolding, let’s parse some Rust:</p> 238<p>Enough scaffolding, let’s parse some Rust:</p>
185<div class="sourceCode" id="cb24"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb24-1"><a href="#cb24-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">use</span> <span class="pp">tree_sitter::</span>Parser<span class="op">;</span></span> 239<div class="sourceCode" id="cb24"><pre
240class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb24-1"><a href="#cb24-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">use</span> <span class="pp">tree_sitter::</span>Parser<span class="op">;</span></span>
186<span id="cb24-2"><a href="#cb24-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 241<span id="cb24-2"><a href="#cb24-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
187<span id="cb24-3"><a href="#cb24-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw">mut</span> parser <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">Parser::</span>new()<span class="op">;</span></span> 242<span id="cb24-3"><a href="#cb24-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw">mut</span> parser <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">Parser::</span>new()<span class="op">;</span></span>
188<span id="cb24-4"><a href="#cb24-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>parser<span class="op">.</span>set_language(rust_lang)<span class="op">.</span>unwrap()<span class="op">;</span></span> 243<span id="cb24-4"><a href="#cb24-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>parser<span class="op">.</span>set_language(rust_lang)<span class="op">.</span>unwrap()<span class="op">;</span></span>
189<span id="cb24-5"><a href="#cb24-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 244<span id="cb24-5"><a href="#cb24-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
190<span id="cb24-6"><a href="#cb24-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> parse_tree <span class="op">=</span> parser<span class="op">.</span>parse(<span class="op">&amp;</span>src<span class="op">,</span> <span class="cn">None</span>)<span class="op">.</span>unwrap()<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div> 245<span id="cb24-6"><a href="#cb24-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> parse_tree <span class="op">=</span> parser<span class="op">.</span>parse(<span class="op">&amp;</span>src<span class="op">,</span> <span class="cn">None</span>)<span class="op">.</span>unwrap()<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div>
191<p>The second argument to <code>Parser::parse</code> may be of interest. Tree-sitter has this cool feature that allows for quick reparsing of existing parse trees if they contain edits. If you do happen to want to reparse a source file, you can pass in the old tree:</p> 246<p>The second argument to <code>Parser::parse</code> may be of interest.
192<div class="sourceCode" id="cb25"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb25-1"><a href="#cb25-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// if you wish to reparse instead of parse</span></span> 247Tree-sitter has this cool feature that allows for quick reparsing of
248existing parse trees if they contain edits. If you do happen to want to
249reparse a source file, you can pass in the old tree:</p>
250<div class="sourceCode" id="cb25"><pre
251class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb25-1"><a href="#cb25-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// if you wish to reparse instead of parse</span></span>
193<span id="cb25-2"><a href="#cb25-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>old_tree<span class="op">.</span>edit(<span class="co">/* redacted */</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span> 252<span id="cb25-2"><a href="#cb25-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>old_tree<span class="op">.</span>edit(<span class="co">/* redacted */</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span>
194<span id="cb25-3"><a href="#cb25-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 253<span id="cb25-3"><a href="#cb25-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
195<span id="cb25-4"><a href="#cb25-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// generate shiny new reparsed tree</span></span> 254<span id="cb25-4"><a href="#cb25-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// generate shiny new reparsed tree</span></span>
196<span id="cb25-5"><a href="#cb25-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> new_tree <span class="op">=</span> parser<span class="op">.</span>parse(<span class="op">&amp;</span>src<span class="op">,</span> <span class="cn">Some</span>(old_tree))<span class="op">.</span>unwrap()</span></code></pre></div> 255<span id="cb25-5"><a href="#cb25-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> new_tree <span class="op">=</span> parser<span class="op">.</span>parse(<span class="op">&amp;</span>src<span class="op">,</span> <span class="cn">Some</span>(old_tree))<span class="op">.</span>unwrap()</span></code></pre></div>
197<p>Anyhow (<a href="http://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow">hah!</a>), now that we have a parse tree, we can inspect it:</p> 256<p>Anyhow (<a href="http://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow">hah!</a>), now
198<div class="sourceCode" id="cb26"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb26-1"><a href="#cb26-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">println!</span>(<span class="st">&quot;{}&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> parse_tree<span class="op">.</span>root_node()<span class="op">.</span>to_sexp())<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div> 257that we have a parse tree, we can inspect it:</p>
258<div class="sourceCode" id="cb26"><pre
259class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb26-1"><a href="#cb26-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">println!</span>(<span class="st">&quot;{}&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> parse_tree<span class="op">.</span>root_node()<span class="op">.</span>to_sexp())<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div>
199<p>Or better yet, run a query on it:</p> 260<p>Or better yet, run a query on it:</p>
200<div class="sourceCode" id="cb27"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb27-1"><a href="#cb27-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">use</span> <span class="pp">tree_sitter::</span>Query<span class="op">;</span></span> 261<div class="sourceCode" id="cb27"><pre
262class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb27-1"><a href="#cb27-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">use</span> <span class="pp">tree_sitter::</span>Query<span class="op">;</span></span>
201<span id="cb27-2"><a href="#cb27-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 263<span id="cb27-2"><a href="#cb27-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
202<span id="cb27-3"><a href="#cb27-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> query <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">Query::</span>new(</span> 264<span id="cb27-3"><a href="#cb27-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> query <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">Query::</span>new(</span>
203<span id="cb27-4"><a href="#cb27-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> rust_lang<span class="op">,</span></span> 265<span id="cb27-4"><a href="#cb27-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> rust_lang<span class="op">,</span></span>
@@ -209,8 +271,11 @@
209<span id="cb27-10"><a href="#cb27-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st"> &quot;#</span></span> 271<span id="cb27-10"><a href="#cb27-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st"> &quot;#</span></span>
210<span id="cb27-11"><a href="#cb27-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span> 272<span id="cb27-11"><a href="#cb27-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)</span>
211<span id="cb27-12"><a href="#cb27-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">.</span>unwrap()<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div> 273<span id="cb27-12"><a href="#cb27-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">.</span>unwrap()<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div>
212<p>A <code>QueryCursor</code> is tree-sitter’s way of maintaining state as we iterate through the matches or captures produced by running a query on the parse tree. Observe:</p> 274<p>A <code>QueryCursor</code> is tree-sitter’s way of maintaining state
213<div class="sourceCode" id="cb28"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">use</span> <span class="pp">tree_sitter::</span>QueryCursor<span class="op">;</span></span> 275as we iterate through the matches or captures produced by running a
276query on the parse tree. Observe:</p>
277<div class="sourceCode" id="cb28"><pre
278class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">use</span> <span class="pp">tree_sitter::</span>QueryCursor<span class="op">;</span></span>
214<span id="cb28-2"><a href="#cb28-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 279<span id="cb28-2"><a href="#cb28-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
215<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw">mut</span> query_cursor <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">QueryCursor::</span>new()<span class="op">;</span></span> 280<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw">mut</span> query_cursor <span class="op">=</span> <span class="pp">QueryCursor::</span>new()<span class="op">;</span></span>
216<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> all_matches <span class="op">=</span> query_cursor<span class="op">.</span>matches(</span> 281<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> all_matches <span class="op">=</span> query_cursor<span class="op">.</span>matches(</span>
@@ -218,15 +283,22 @@
218<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> parse_tree<span class="op">.</span>root_node()<span class="op">,</span></span> 283<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> parse_tree<span class="op">.</span>root_node()<span class="op">,</span></span>
219<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> src<span class="op">.</span>as_bytes()<span class="op">,</span></span> 284<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> src<span class="op">.</span>as_bytes()<span class="op">,</span></span>
220<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div> 285<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>)<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div>
221<p>We begin by passing our query to the cursor, followed by the “root node”, which is another way of saying, “start from the top”, and lastly, the source itself. If you have already taken a look at the C API, you will notice that the last argument, the source (known as the <code>TextProvider</code>), is not required. The Rust bindings seem to require this argument to provide predicate functionality such as <code>#match?</code> and <code>#eq?</code>.</p> 286<p>We begin by passing our query to the cursor, followed by the “root
287node”, which is another way of saying, “start from the top”, and lastly,
288the source itself. If you have already taken a look at the C API, you
289will notice that the last argument, the source (known as the
290<code>TextProvider</code>), is not required. The Rust bindings seem to
291require this argument to provide predicate functionality such as
292<code>#match?</code> and <code>#eq?</code>.</p>
222<p>Do something with the matches:</p> 293<p>Do something with the matches:</p>
223<div class="sourceCode" id="cb29"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// get the index of the capture named &quot;raise&quot;</span></span> 294<div class="sourceCode" id="cb29"><pre
295class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// get the index of the capture named &quot;raise&quot;</span></span>
224<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> raise_idx <span class="op">=</span> query<span class="op">.</span>capture_index_for_name(<span class="st">&quot;raise&quot;</span>)<span class="op">.</span>unwrap()<span class="op">;</span></span> 296<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">let</span> raise_idx <span class="op">=</span> query<span class="op">.</span>capture_index_for_name(<span class="st">&quot;raise&quot;</span>)<span class="op">.</span>unwrap()<span class="op">;</span></span>
225<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 297<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
226<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">for</span> each_match <span class="kw">in</span> all_matches <span class="op">{</span></span> 298<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> each_match <span class="kw">in</span> all_matches <span class="op">{</span></span>
227<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// iterate over all captures called &quot;raise&quot;</span></span> 299<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// iterate over all captures called &quot;raise&quot;</span></span>
228<span id="cb29-6"><a href="#cb29-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// ignore captures such as &quot;fn-name&quot;</span></span> 300<span id="cb29-6"><a href="#cb29-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co">// ignore captures such as &quot;fn-name&quot;</span></span>
229<span id="cb29-7"><a href="#cb29-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">for</span> capture <span class="kw">in</span> each_match</span> 301<span id="cb29-7"><a href="#cb29-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="cf">for</span> capture <span class="kw">in</span> each_match</span>
230<span id="cb29-8"><a href="#cb29-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span>captures</span> 302<span id="cb29-8"><a href="#cb29-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span>captures</span>
231<span id="cb29-9"><a href="#cb29-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span>iter()</span> 303<span id="cb29-9"><a href="#cb29-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span>iter()</span>
232<span id="cb29-10"><a href="#cb29-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span>filter(<span class="op">|</span>c<span class="op">|</span> c<span class="op">.</span>idx <span class="op">==</span> raise_idx)</span> 304<span id="cb29-10"><a href="#cb29-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">.</span>filter(<span class="op">|</span>c<span class="op">|</span> c<span class="op">.</span>idx <span class="op">==</span> raise_idx)</span>
@@ -241,8 +313,10 @@
241<span id="cb29-19"><a href="#cb29-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )<span class="op">;</span></span> 313<span id="cb29-19"><a href="#cb29-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> )<span class="op">;</span></span>
242<span id="cb29-20"><a href="#cb29-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">}</span></span> 314<span id="cb29-20"><a href="#cb29-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">}</span></span>
243<span id="cb29-21"><a href="#cb29-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div> 315<span id="cb29-21"><a href="#cb29-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
244<p>Lastly, add the following line to your source code, to get the linter to catch something:</p> 316<p>Lastly, add the following line to your source code, to get the linter
245<div class="sourceCode" id="cb30"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">env::</span>remove_var(<span class="st">&quot;RUST_BACKTRACE&quot;</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div> 317to catch something:</p>
318<div class="sourceCode" id="cb30"><pre
319class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">env::</span>remove_var(<span class="st">&quot;RUST_BACKTRACE&quot;</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div>
246<p>And <code>cargo run</code>:</p> 320<p>And <code>cargo run</code>:</p>
247<pre class="shell"><code>λ cargo run 321<pre class="shell"><code>λ cargo run
248 Compiling toy-lint v0.1.0 (/redacted/path/to/toy-lint) 322 Compiling toy-lint v0.1.0 (/redacted/path/to/toy-lint)
@@ -251,17 +325,33 @@
251[Line: 40, Col: 4] Offending source code: `env::remove_var(&quot;RUST_BACKTRACE&quot;)`</code></pre> 325[Line: 40, Col: 4] Offending source code: `env::remove_var(&quot;RUST_BACKTRACE&quot;)`</code></pre>
252<p>Thank you tree-sitter!</p> 326<p>Thank you tree-sitter!</p>
253<h3 id="bonus">Bonus</h3> 327<h3 id="bonus">Bonus</h3>
254<p>Keen readers will notice that I avoided <code>std::env::set_var</code>. Because <code>set_var</code> is called with two arguments, a “key” and a “value”, unlike <code>env::var</code> and <code>env::remove_var</code>. As a result, it requires more juggling:</p> 328<p>Keen readers will notice that I avoided
255<div class="sourceCode" id="cb32"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb32-1"><a href="#cb32-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((call_expression</span> 329<code>std::env::set_var</code>. Because <code>set_var</code> is called
330with two arguments, a “key” and a “value”, unlike <code>env::var</code>
331and <code>env::remove_var</code>. As a result, it requires more
332juggling:</p>
333<div class="sourceCode" id="cb32"><pre
334class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb32-1"><a href="#cb32-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((call_expression</span>
256<span id="cb32-2"><a href="#cb32-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> function: (<span class="op">_</span>) @fn-name</span> 335<span id="cb32-2"><a href="#cb32-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> function: (<span class="op">_</span>) @fn-name</span>
257<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> arguments: (arguments <span class="op">.</span> (string_literal)<span class="op">?</span> <span class="op">.</span> (string_literal) <span class="op">.</span>)) @raise</span> 336<span id="cb32-3"><a href="#cb32-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> arguments: (arguments <span class="op">.</span> (string_literal)<span class="op">?</span> <span class="op">.</span> (string_literal) <span class="op">.</span>)) @raise</span>
258<span id="cb32-4"><a href="#cb32-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (#match? @fn-name <span class="st">&quot;(std::|)env::(var|remove_var|set_var)&quot;</span>))</span></code></pre></div> 337<span id="cb32-4"><a href="#cb32-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (#match? @fn-name <span class="st">&quot;(std::|)env::(var|remove_var|set_var)&quot;</span>))</span></code></pre></div>
259<p>The interesting part of this query is the humble <code>.</code>, the <em>anchor</em> operator. Anchors help constrain child nodes in certain ways. In this case, it ensures that we match exactly two <code>string_literal</code>s who are siblings or exactly one <code>string_literal</code> with no siblings. Unfortunately, this query also matches the following invalid Rust code:</p> 338<p>The interesting part of this query is the humble <code>.</code>, the
260<div class="sourceCode" id="cb33"><pre class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb33-1"><a href="#cb33-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// remove_var accepts only 1 arg!</span></span> 339<em>anchor</em> operator. Anchors help constrain child nodes in certain
340ways. In this case, it ensures that we match exactly two
341<code>string_literal</code>s who are siblings or exactly one
342<code>string_literal</code> with no siblings. Unfortunately, this query
343also matches the following invalid Rust code:</p>
344<div class="sourceCode" id="cb33"><pre
345class="sourceCode rust"><code class="sourceCode rust"><span id="cb33-1"><a href="#cb33-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// remove_var accepts only 1 arg!</span></span>
261<span id="cb33-2"><a href="#cb33-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">std::env::</span>remove_var(<span class="st">&quot;RUST_BACKTRACE&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;1&quot;</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div> 346<span id="cb33-2"><a href="#cb33-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">std::env::</span>remove_var(<span class="st">&quot;RUST_BACKTRACE&quot;</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="st">&quot;1&quot;</span>)<span class="op">;</span></span></code></pre></div>
262<h3 id="notes">Notes</h3> 347<h3 id="notes">Notes</h3>
263<p>All-in-all, the query DSL does a great job in lowering the bar to writing language tools. The knowledge gained from mastering the query DSL can be applied to other languages that have tree-sitter grammars too. This query detects <code>to_json</code> methods that do not accept additional arguments, in Ruby:</p> 348<p>All-in-all, the query DSL does a great job in lowering the bar to
264<div class="sourceCode" id="cb34"><pre class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb34-1"><a href="#cb34-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((method</span> 349writing language tools. The knowledge gained from mastering the query
350DSL can be applied to other languages that have tree-sitter grammars
351too. This query detects <code>to_json</code> methods that do not accept
352additional arguments, in Ruby:</p>
353<div class="sourceCode" id="cb34"><pre
354class="sourceCode scheme"><code class="sourceCode scheme"><span id="cb34-1"><a href="#cb34-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>((method</span>
265<span id="cb34-2"><a href="#cb34-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> name: (identifier) @fn</span> 355<span id="cb34-2"><a href="#cb34-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> name: (identifier) @fn</span>
266<span id="cb34-3"><a href="#cb34-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> !parameters)</span> 356<span id="cb34-3"><a href="#cb34-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> !parameters)</span>
267<span id="cb34-4"><a href="#cb34-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (<span class="sc">#i</span>s? @fn <span class="st">&quot;to_json&quot;</span>))</span></code></pre></div> 357<span id="cb34-4"><a href="#cb34-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> (<span class="sc">#i</span>s? @fn <span class="st">&quot;to_json&quot;</span>))</span></code></pre></div>