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27 <div class="date">
28 28/08 — 2022
29 <div class="stats">
30 <span class="stats-number">
31 63.53
32 </span>
33 <span class="stats-unit">cm</span>
34 &nbsp
35 <span class="stats-number">
36 6.2
37 </span>
38 <span class="stats-unit">min</span>
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41 <h1>
42 Programming On 34 Keys
43 </h1>
44 <div class="post-text">
45 <p>Minimizing your keyboard layout is a slippery slope. A few months ago, I built the <a href="https://github.com/icyphox/ferricy">Ferricy</a>, a 34-key-split-ortho-ergo keyboard. The Ferricy is a fork of the <a href="https://github.com/davidphilipbarr/Sweep/tree/main/Sweep%20Bling%20MX">Ferris Sweep MX Bling</a>.</p>
46<figure>
47<img src="https://u.peppe.rs/otz.jpg" alt="The Ferricy, designed by icyphox" /><figcaption aria-hidden="true">The Ferricy, designed by <a href="https://icyphox.sh">icyphox</a></figcaption>
48</figure>
49<p>My daily use consists of a bit of prose and a lot of program, my layout has evolved accordingly.</p>
50<h1 id="base-layer">Base Layer</h1>
51<figure>
52<img src="https://u.peppe.rs/base.png" alt="Colemak with no mods" /><figcaption aria-hidden="true">Colemak with no mods</figcaption>
53</figure>
54<p>The base layer contains alphabets, four symbols and four whitespace keys:</p>
55<ul>
56<li>Alphas: Stock Colemak, with no modifications whatsoever</li>
57<li>Symbols: <code>. , / ;</code></li>
58<li>Whitespace: tab, space, enter, backspace (from left to right)</li>
59</ul>
60<h1 id="layers">Layers</h1>
61<p>Keyboard input is complex and it is impossible to skirt around it. You can either use a keyboard with enough keys to supply all possible inputs (a mechanical burden), or you can use firmware to supply all possible inputs (a cognitive burden). Layers are a cognitive burden.</p>
62<p>I use 3 layers, heavily inspired by <a href="https://github.com/manna-harbour/miryoku">Miryoku</a>, but tuned for programming. Excluding the base Colemak layer:</p>
63<ul>
64<li><code>NAV</code>: activated on holding <code>space</code> (left thumb)</li>
65<li><code>NUM</code>: activated on holding <code>tab</code> (left thumb)</li>
66<li><code>SYM</code>: activated on holding <code>enter</code> (right thumb)</li>
67</ul>
68<h2 id="the-nav-layer">The <code>NAV</code> Layer</h2>
69<p>As the name suggests, this layer is focused on navigation. Arrow keys and the likes.</p>
70<figure>
71<img src="https://u.peppe.rs/nav.png" alt="NAV, on holding space" /><figcaption aria-hidden="true"><code>NAV</code>, on holding <code>space</code></figcaption>
72</figure>
73<p>Using Vim and Colemak means you lose out on HJKL navigation. However, on activating the <code>NAV</code> layer, the right home-row is converted into arrow keys. In essence, by holding space, I can navigate Vim with the home-row, or Firefox, or my PDF reader. I no longer need to look for software that allows Vim navigation keys, because it is baked into the firmware!</p>
74<p>My Vim motions are not limited to HJKL. In fact, my Vim motions are rarely HJKL. I tend to use <code>}</code> (next paragraph) and <code>)</code> (next sentence) more often. As a result, these have found their way into my <code>NAV</code> layer, over the likes of <code>PgDown</code> and <code>End</code>. Having brackets at my index and middle fingers is nice for programming too.</p>
75<h2 id="the-sym-layer">The <code>SYM</code> Layer</h2>
76<figure>
77<img src="https://u.peppe.rs/sym.png" alt="SYM, on holding enter" /><figcaption aria-hidden="true"><code>SYM</code>, on holding <code>enter</code></figcaption>
78</figure>
79<p>This layer contains all the symbols that you would find by hitting <code>Shift</code> and a key on the number row. Probably noteworthy to Vim users: the symbols are arranged in the form of a mirrored numpad for exactly one reason: to move <code>$</code> to the left of <code>^</code>. It has always annoyed me that <code>$</code> moves the cursor to the end of the line and <code>^</code> moves it to the beginning, but their position on a typical number row are reversed, 4 comes before 6.</p>
80<h2 id="the-num-layer">The <code>NUM</code> layer</h2>
81<figure>
82<img src="https://u.peppe.rs/num.png" alt="NUM, on holding tab" /><figcaption aria-hidden="true"><code>NUM</code>, on holding <code>tab</code></figcaption>
83</figure>
84<p>Another deviation from Miryoku, the numpad just feels <em>right</em> on my <em>right</em> hand.</p>
85<h1 id="zmk-combos">ZMK Combos</h1>
86<p>If you have been paying close attention, you might have noticed that <code>escape</code> didn’t make it to any layer. <code>escape</code> is too crucial to put on a non-base layer, but at the same time, not as important to deserve a place on the base layer. That is where ZMK’s combos come in. Combos let you tap any number of keys, and combine them to form a single key. I have combos set up for underscore, minus, escape and caps-word (more on caps-word later):</p>
87<figure>
88<img src="https://u.peppe.rs/combos.png" alt="Combos are almost piano-like" /><figcaption aria-hidden="true">Combos are almost piano-like</figcaption>
89</figure>
90<h1 id="home-row-mods">Home-row Mods</h1>
91<p>Inherited from Miryoku, I have home-row mods for activating <code>Super</code>, <code>Alt</code>, <code>Shift</code>, <code>Ctrl</code> and <code>Hyper</code> (<code>Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Super</code>). The idea is to send <code>T</code> on tap and <code>Ctrl</code> on hold. Home-row mods are fairly popular, so I’ll not go into the details.</p>
92<figure>
93<img src="https://u.peppe.rs/homerow.png" alt="Super, Alt, Shift, Ctrl, Hyper; on the left half, and mirrored on the right half" /><figcaption aria-hidden="true">Super, Alt, Shift, Ctrl, Hyper; on the left half, and mirrored on the right half</figcaption>
94</figure>
95<p><code>Hyper</code> bridges the gap between firmware and software. You can never configure key combination that, opens Firefox, for example, through firmware alone. However, with the <code>Hyper</code> key, and some <code>sxhkd</code> magic, you can emulate that. Pressing <code>Hyper + F</code> on a keyboard is just two keys, but the key codes sent are <code>Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Super + F</code>. That key combination is not intercepted by any application as a shortcut, except for the following <code>sxhkd</code> stanza:</p>
96<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">super</span> + alt + shift + ctrl + f</span>
97<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">xdotool</span> search <span class="st">&quot;Mozilla Firefox&quot;</span> windowactivate</span></code></pre></div>
98<p>Alternatively, you can intercept unused <code>F</code> keys: <code>F13</code> through <code>F24</code>.</p>
99<p>Home-row mods are mirrored on each half because it would be impossible to hit <code>Ctrl + T</code> if not; they lie on the same key.</p>
100<h1 id="caps-word">Caps-word</h1>
101<p>Caps-word is a clever caps-lock, built into ZMK. Typing out constants such as <code>PORT</code> with home-row mods would look like this:</p>
102<ul>
103<li>hold <code>e</code> (shift) on left hand, and tap <code>p</code> on right hand</li>
104<li>hold <code>e</code> (shift) on left hand, and tap <code>o</code> on right hand</li>
105<li>hold <code>s</code> (shift) on right hand, and tap <code>r</code> on left hand</li>
106<li>hold <code>s</code> (shift) on right hand, and tap <code>t</code> on left hand</li>
107</ul>
108<p>This hold-alternate-hold dance gets tiring quickly. With caps-word, however:</p>
109<ul>
110<li>toggle <code>caps_word</code></li>
111<li>type out <code>p</code>, <code>o</code>, <code>r</code>, <code>t</code></li>
112<li>hit a <em>break</em> character (space, enter will do)</li>
113<li>continue</li>
114</ul>
115<p>Caps-word automatically disables capitalization upon encountering a breaking character, (which are space, enter or any modifier, by default) right in the firmware!</p>
116<h1 id="findings">Findings</h1>
117<p>34-keys has been reasonably comfortable to use, for both prose and program. My palms do not move across the desk at all, as I reach for keys. I mostly write Rust and Bash, and my layout has evolved to accomodate special characters from their grammars (angled brackets and hyphens, specifically). If you are on a similar journey, I would suggest focusing on accuracy and comfort over speed. Speed comes with time.</p>
118
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127 <p>I'm Akshay, I go by nerd or nerdypepper on the internet.</p>
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129 I am a compsci undergrad, Rust programmer and an enthusiastic Vimmer.
130 I write <a href="https://git.peppe.rs">open-source stuff</a> to pass time.
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