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<h1>
Novice Nix: Flake Templates
</h1>
<div class="post-text">
<p>Flakes are very handy to setup entirely pure, project-specific
dependencies (not just dependencies, but build steps, shell environments
and more) in a declarative way. Writing Flake expressions can get
repetitive though, oftentimes, you’d much rather start off with a
skeleton. Luckily, <code>nix</code> already supports templates!</p>
<p>You might already be familiar with <code>nix flake init</code>, that
drops a “default” flake expression into your current working directory.
If you head over to the manpage:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre
class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">nix</span> flake init <span class="at">--help</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>You will read that <code>nix flake init</code> creates a flake using
the “default template”. Additionally, you can create a flake from a
specific template by passing the <code>-t</code> flag. Where does this
default originate from?</p>
<h2 id="flake-registries">Flake Registries</h2>
<p>Quick detour into registries! Registries are a way to alias popular
flakes using identifiers:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre
class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># list a few predefined registries</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix registry list</span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">.</span> . . </span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">global</span> flake:nixpkgs github:NixOS/nixpkgs</span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">global</span> flake:patchelf github:NixOS/patchelf</span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">global</span> flake:nix-serve github:edolstra/nix-serve</span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">global</span> flake:templates github:NixOS/templates</span>
<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">global</span> flake:nickel github:tweag/nickel</span>
<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">.</span> . .</span>
<span id="cb2-10"><a href="#cb2-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-11"><a href="#cb2-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># you can do </span></span>
<span id="cb2-12"><a href="#cb2-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake show nickel</span>
<span id="cb2-13"><a href="#cb2-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-14"><a href="#cb2-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># instead of </span></span>
<span id="cb2-15"><a href="#cb2-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake show github:tweag/nickel</span>
<span id="cb2-16"><a href="#cb2-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-17"><a href="#cb2-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># which is short for</span></span>
<span id="cb2-18"><a href="#cb2-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake show git+https://github.com/tweag/nickel</span></code></pre></div>
<p>You might notice a registry called <code>templates</code> aliased to
<code>github:NixOS/templates</code>. Take a peek with
<code>nix flake show</code>:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre
class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake show templates</span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">github:NixOS/templates/79f48a7b822f35c068c5e235da2e9fbd154cecee</span></span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">├───defaultTemplate:</span> template: A very basic flake</span>
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">└───templates</span></span>
<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">├───bash-hello:</span> template: An over-engineered Hello World in bash</span>
<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">├───c-hello:</span> template: An over-engineered Hello World in C</span>
<span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">├───rust-web-server:</span> template: A Rust web server including a NixOS module</span>
<span id="cb3-8"><a href="#cb3-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">├───simpleContainer:</span> template: A NixOS container running apache-httpd</span>
<span id="cb3-9"><a href="#cb3-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">└───trivial:</span> template: A very basic flake</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Aha! There is a flake output called <code>defaultTemplate</code>.
This is the template being sourced when you run
<code>nix flake init</code>. Astute readers may conclude the
following:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre
class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake init</span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># is equivalent to</span></span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake init <span class="at">-t</span> templates#defaultTemplate</span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="#cb4-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href="#cb4-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># is equivalent to</span></span>
<span id="cb4-7"><a href="#cb4-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake init <span class="at">-t</span> github:NixOS/templates#defaultTemplate</span>
<span id="cb4-8"><a href="#cb4-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb4-9"><a href="#cb4-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># which is short for</span></span>
<span id="cb4-10"><a href="#cb4-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake init <span class="at">-t</span> git+https://github.com/NixOS/templates#defaultTemplate</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Similarly, the other templates can be accessed via:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre
class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake init <span class="at">-t</span> templates#c-hello</span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake init <span class="at">-t</span> templates#simpleContainer</span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># I think you get the drift ...</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="rolling-your-own-templates">Rolling your own templates</h2>
<p>Alright, so all we need to do is:</p>
<ul>
<li>create a flake with a <code>templates</code> output</li>
<li>populate our template directories with content</li>
<li>(<strong>optionally</strong>) alias our custom templates flake to an
identifier using registries, for easier access</li>
</ul>
<p>Start off by creating a directory to store your templates in (we will
be converting this to a registry later):</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre
class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> mkdir ~/mytemplates</span></code></pre></div>
<p>A flake that exposes a “template” as its output looks something like
this:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre
class="sourceCode nix"><code class="sourceCode nix"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># inside ~/mytemplates/flake.nix</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">description</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Pepper's flake templates"</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">outputs</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span> <span class="va">self</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="op">...</span> <span class="op">}</span>: <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">templates</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb7-8"><a href="#cb7-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">latex-report</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb7-9"><a href="#cb7-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">path</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ss">./latex-report-template</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb7-10"><a href="#cb7-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">description</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"A latex whitepaper project"</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb7-11"><a href="#cb7-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">};</span></span>
<span id="cb7-12"><a href="#cb7-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">rust-hello</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb7-13"><a href="#cb7-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">path</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ss">./rust-hello-template</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb7-14"><a href="#cb7-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">description</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Simple Hello World in Rust"</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb7-15"><a href="#cb7-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">};</span></span>
<span id="cb7-16"><a href="#cb7-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">};</span></span>
<span id="cb7-17"><a href="#cb7-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">};</span></span>
<span id="cb7-18"><a href="#cb7-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>The <code>path</code> attribute to each template is what gets copied
over when you initialize a flake. Running
<code>nix flake init -t .#latex-report</code> will initialize the
current directory with the contents of
<code>./latex-report-template</code> (we are yet to populate these
directories).</p>
<p>The output of <code>nix flake show</code> should be something
like:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre
class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake show</span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">path:/home/np/code/nix-stuff/template-tests?narHash=sha256-{...}</span></span>
<span id="cb8-3"><a href="#cb8-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">└───templates</span></span>
<span id="cb8-4"><a href="#cb8-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">├───latex-report:</span> template: A latex whitepaper project</span>
<span id="cb8-5"><a href="#cb8-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">└───rust-hello:</span> template: Simple Hello World in Rust</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Populate your template directories with content, here are my template
directories for example:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre
class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> tree mytemplates</span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">mytemplates/</span></span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">├──</span> flake.nix</span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">├──</span> latex-report-template</span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">│ </span> ├── flake.nix</span>
<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">│ </span> ├── makefile</span>
<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">│ </span> └── src</span>
<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">│ </span> ├── meta.sty</span>
<span id="cb9-9"><a href="#cb9-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">│ </span> └── report.tex</span>
<span id="cb9-10"><a href="#cb9-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">└──</span> rust-hello-template</span>
<span id="cb9-11"><a href="#cb9-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">├──</span> Cargo.toml</span>
<span id="cb9-12"><a href="#cb9-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">├──</span> flake.nix</span>
<span id="cb9-13"><a href="#cb9-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">└──</span> src</span>
<span id="cb9-14"><a href="#cb9-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">└──</span> main.rs</span></code></pre></div>
<p>And that’s it! Start using your templates with:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre
class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake init <span class="at">-t</span> ~/mytemplates#rust-hello</span>
<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> tree .</span>
<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">.</span></span>
<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">├──</span> Cargo.toml</span>
<span id="cb10-5"><a href="#cb10-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">├──</span> flake.nix</span>
<span id="cb10-6"><a href="#cb10-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">└──</span> src</span>
<span id="cb10-7"><a href="#cb10-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ex">└──</span> main.rs</span></code></pre></div>
<p>To avoid writing <code>~/mytemplates</code> each time, simply alias
it to a registry:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre
class="sourceCode bash"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># alias it to `biscuits`</span></span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix registry add biscuits ~/mytemplates</span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># you will see it listed under `user` registries</span></span>
<span id="cb11-5"><a href="#cb11-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix registry list</span>
<span id="cb11-6"><a href="#cb11-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">.</span> . .</span>
<span id="cb11-7"><a href="#cb11-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">user</span> flake:biscuits path:/home/np/template-tests</span>
<span id="cb11-8"><a href="#cb11-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="bu">.</span> . .</span>
<span id="cb11-9"><a href="#cb11-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-10"><a href="#cb11-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> nix flake init <span class="at">-t</span> biscuits#latex-report</span></code></pre></div>
<h2 id="extending-the-official-templates">Extending the official
templates</h2>
<p>I personally, would like the <code>biscuits</code> registry to
include not just my homemade templates, but also the templates from
<code>NixOS/templates</code> (and maybe a couple of other repositories
in the wild):</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb12"><pre
class="sourceCode nix"><code class="sourceCode nix"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">description</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Pepper's flake templates"</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb12-3"><a href="#cb12-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb12-4"><a href="#cb12-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>+ <span class="va">inputs</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb12-5"><a href="#cb12-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>+ <span class="va">official-templates</span>.<span class="va">url</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">github</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="ss">NixOS/templates</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb12-6"><a href="#cb12-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>+ <span class="va">other-templates</span>.<span class="va">url</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="va">github</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="ss">some-other/templates</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb12-7"><a href="#cb12-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>+ <span class="op">};</span></span>
<span id="cb12-8"><a href="#cb12-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb12-9"><a href="#cb12-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">outputs</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span> <span class="va">self</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="va">official-templates</span><span class="op">,</span> <span class="va">other-templates</span> <span class="op">...</span> <span class="op">}</span>: <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb12-10"><a href="#cb12-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb12-11"><a href="#cb12-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">templates</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb12-12"><a href="#cb12-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">latex-report</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb12-13"><a href="#cb12-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">path</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ss">./latex-report-template</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb12-14"><a href="#cb12-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">description</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"A latex whitepaper project"</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb12-15"><a href="#cb12-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">};</span></span>
<span id="cb12-16"><a href="#cb12-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">rust-hello</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb12-17"><a href="#cb12-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">path</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ss">./rust-hello-template</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb12-18"><a href="#cb12-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="va">description</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"Simple Hello World in Rust, with overloaded Rust toolchain"</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb12-19"><a href="#cb12-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">};</span></span>
<span id="cb12-20"><a href="#cb12-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb12-21"><a href="#cb12-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">+</span> <span class="op">//</span> official<span class="op">-</span>templates.templates</span>
<span id="cb12-22"><a href="#cb12-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">+</span> <span class="op">//</span> other<span class="op">-</span>templates.templates<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb12-23"><a href="#cb12-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> </span>
<span id="cb12-24"><a href="#cb12-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">};</span></span>
<span id="cb12-25"><a href="#cb12-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Running <code>nix flake show biscuits</code> will now list templates
from the <code>biscuits</code> registry as well as the ones from
<code>NixOS/templates</code>. Ensure that the names don’t collide
though.</p>
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<p>I'm Akshay, programmer and pixel-artist.
I write <a href="https://git.peppe.rs">open-source stuff</a>.
I also design fonts:
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